Abacwaningi base-US Department of Energy's (DOE) Argonne National Laboratory banomlando omude wokuvundulula izinto ezitholakala emkhakheni wamabhethri e-lithium-ion. Eminingi yale miphumela eye-cathode yebhethri, ebizwa nge-NMC, i-nickel manganese ne-cobalt oxide. Ibhethri elinale cathode manje selinika amandla i-Chevrolet Bolt.
Abacwaningi be-Argonne bathole enye impumelelo kuma-NMC cathodes. Isakhiwo esisha sezinhlayiyana ze-cathode zeqembu singenza ibhethri liqine kakhudlwana futhi liphephe kakhudlwana, likwazi ukusebenza ngama-voltage aphezulu kakhulu futhi linikeze amabanga okuhamba amade.
"Manje sinesiqondiso abakhiqizi bebhethri abangasisebenzisa ukuze benze izinto ze-cathode ezinengcindezi ephezulu, ezingenamngcele," u-Khalil Amin, u-Argonne Fellow Emeritus.
"Ama-cathodes e-NMC akhona aletha isithiyo esikhulu somsebenzi kagesi ophakeme," kusho umsizi wekhemisi u-Guiliang Xu. Ngokuhamba ngebhayisikili yokushaja, ukusebenza kwehla ngokushesha ngenxa yokwakheka kwemifantu ezinhlayiyeni ze-cathode. Sekungamashumi eminyaka abacwaningi bebhethri befuna izindlela zokulungisa le mifantu.
Enye indlela esikhathini esidlule yayisebenzisa izinhlayiya ezincane eziyindilinga ezakhiwe izinhlayiya eziningi ezincane kakhulu. Izinhlayiya ezinkulu eziyindilinga ziyi-polycrystalline, enezizinda ezicwebezelayo zokuma okuhlukahlukene. Ngenxa yalokho, banalokho ososayensi abakubiza ngokuthi imingcele yokusanhlamvu phakathi kwezinhlayiya, okungabangela ukuba ibhethri liqhekeke phakathi nomjikelezo. Ukuvimbela lokhu, ozakwabo baka-Xu no-Argonne bake benza i-polymer evikelayo ezungeze inhlayiyana ngayinye. Lokhu kunamathela kuzungeza izinhlayiya ezinkulu eziyindilinga kanye nezinhlayiya ezincane ngaphakathi kwazo.
Enye indlela yokugwema lolu hlobo lokuqhekeka ukusebenzisa izinhlayiya zekristalu eyodwa. I-electron microscopy yalezi zinhlayiya ibonise ukuthi ayinayo imingcele.
Inkinga yeqembu ukuthi ama-cathode enziwe ngama-polycrystals amboziwe namakristalu awodwa asaqhekekile ngesikhathi sokuhamba ngebhayisikili. Ngakho-ke, benze ukuhlaziya okubanzi kwalezi zinto ze-cathode ku-Advanced Photon Source (APS) kanye ne-Center for Nanomaterials (CNM) e-Argonne Science Center yoMnyango Wezamandla wase-US.
Ukuhlaziywa kwe-x-ray okuhlukahlukene kwenziwa ezingalweni ezinhlanu ze-APS (11-BM, 20-BM, 2-ID-D, 11-ID-C kanye ne-34-ID-E). Kuvela ukuthi lokho ososayensi ababecabanga ukuthi kuyikristalu eyodwa, njengoba kuboniswa i-electron ne-X-ray microscopy, empeleni yayinomngcele ngaphakathi. Ukuskena nokudluliswa kwe-electron microscopy ye-CNMs kuqinisekisile lesi siphetho.
“Lapho sibheka ukwakheka komhlaba kwalezi zinhlayiya, zazibukeka njengekristalu eyodwa,” kusho isazi sefiziksi uWenjun Liu. “<“但是，当我們在APS 使用一种称為同步加速器X 射线衍射显微镜的技术和其他技术时时。 � <“但是 , 当 在 使用 使用种 称為 同步 加速器 x 射线 显微镜的 技术 和 其他 时 。"Kodwa-ke, lapho sisebenzisa inqubo ebizwa nge-synchrotron X-ray diffraction microscopy nezinye izindlela kwa-APS, sithole ukuthi imingcele ibifihlwe ngaphakathi."
Okubalulekile, ithimba lenze indlela yokukhiqiza amakristalu awodwa ngaphandle kwemingcele. Ukuhlola amaseli amancane ngale cathode ye-crystal eyodwa kuma-voltage aphezulu kakhulu kubonise ukwanda kwe-25% kokugcinwa kwamandla ngevolumu yeyunithi ngayinye ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ekusebenzeni ngaphezu kwemijikelezo yokuhlola engu-100. Ngokuphambene, ama-cathodes e-NMC akhiwe amakristalu e-multi-interface eyodwa noma ama-polycrystals ahlanganiswe abonise ukwehla kwamandla ka-60% kuya ku-88% ngesikhathi esifanayo sokuphila.
Izibalo zesikali se-athomu zembula indlela yokunciphisa i-cathode capacitance. NgokukaMaria Chang, isazi se-nanoscient kwa-CNM, imingcele ingase ilahlekelwe ama-athomu omoya-mpilo lapho ibhethri lishajwa kunezindawo ezikude kakhulu nazo. Lokhu kulahlekelwa komoyampilo kuholela ekuwohlokeni komjikelezo wamangqamuzana.
"Izibalo zethu zibonisa ukuthi umngcele ungaholela kanjani ekukhishweni kwe-oksijeni ngokucindezela okukhulu, okungaholela ekunciphiseni ukusebenza," kusho u-Chan.
Ukuqeda umngcele kuvimbela ukuguquka kwe-oksijeni, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukise ukuphepha nokuzinza kwe-cyclic ye-cathode. Izilinganiso zokuvela komoyampilo nge-APS kanye nomthombo wokukhanya othuthukisiwe e-Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory yoMnyango Wezamandla wase-US iqinisekisa lesi siphetho.
"Manje sineziqondiso abakhiqizi bebhethri abangazisebenzisa ukuze benze izinto ze-cathode ezingenayo imingcele futhi zisebenze ngokucindezela okukhulu," kusho u-Khalil Amin, u-Argonne Fellow Emeritus. â�<“该指南应适用于NMC 以外的其他正极材料。” â�<“该指南应适用于NMC 以外的其他正极材料。”"Iziqondiso kufanele zisebenze ezintweni ze-cathode ngaphandle kwe-NMC."
Isihloko esimayelana nalolu cwaningo savela kumagazini i-Nature Energy. Ngaphezu kukaXu, Amin, Liu noChang, ababhali be-Argonne nguXiang Liu, Venkata Surya Chaitanya Kolluru, Chen Zhao, Xinwei Zhou, Yuzi Liu, Liang Ying, Amin Daali, Yang Ren, Wenqian Xu , Junjing Deng, Inhui Hwang, UChengjun Sun, uTao Zhou, uMing Du, noZonghai Chen. Ososayensi abavela ku-Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Wanli Yang, Qingtian Li, noZengqing Zhuo), i-Xiamen University (Jing-Jing Fan, Ling Huang kanye ne-Shi-Gang Sun) kanye neNyuvesi yaseTsinghua (i-Dongsheng Ren, i-Xuning Feng ne-Mingao Ouyang).
Mayelana ne-Argonne Center for Nanomaterials I-Center for Nanomaterials, esinye sezikhungo ezinhlanu zocwaningo lwe-nanotechnology yoMnyango Wezamandla wase-US, iyisikhungo sikazwelonke sabasebenzisi socwaningo lwe-nanoscale lwezinhlanga ezahlukene olusekelwa Ihhovisi Lesayensi Lomnyango Wezamandla wase-US. Ndawonye, ​​ama-NSRC akha iqoqo lezikhungo ezihambisanayo ezinikeza abacwaningi amakhono asezingeni eliphezulu okwenza, ukucubungula, ukuveza izici, nokumodela izinto ze-nanoscale futhi amele ukutshalwa kwezimali kwengqalasizinda enkulu kakhulu ngaphansi kwe-National Nanotechnology Initiative. I-NSRC itholakala eMnyangweni Wezamandla Kazwelonke WaseMelika e-Argonne, Brookhaven, Lawrence Berkeley, Oak Ridge, Sandia, naseLos Alamos. Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe mayelana ne-NSRC DOE, vakashela ku-https://​science​.osti​.gov/​Us⁠er​-Faa’cilit​ie’s/Us er-Fac i-iie s-at-a-Glance.
Umthombo Wezithombe Ezithuthukisiwe Zomnyango Wamandla Wase-US (i-APS) e-Argonne National Laboratory ungomunye wemithombo ye-X-ray ekhiqiza kakhulu emhlabeni. I-APS ihlinzeka ngama-X-ray anamandla amakhulu emphakathini wabacwaningi abahlukahlukene kwisayensi yezinto zokwakha, ikhemistri, i-condensed matter physics, isayensi yempilo nemvelo, kanye nocwaningo olusetshenziswayo. Lawa ma-X-ray alungele ukutadisha izinto zokwakha kanye nezakhiwo zebhayoloji, ukusatshalaliswa kwezakhi, amakhemikhali, izimo kazibuthe ne-elekthronikhi, kanye nezinhlelo zobunjiniyela ezibalulekile zazo zonke izinhlobo, kusukela kumabhethri kuya kumabhomu omjovo kaphethiloli, abalulekile emnothweni wethu wezwe, ubuchwepheshe. . kanye nomzimba Isisekelo sempilo. Unyaka ngamunye, abacwaningi abangaphezu kuka-5,000 basebenzisa i-APS ukuze bashicilele okushicilelwe okungaphezu kuka-2,000 okuchaza okutholakele okubalulekile nokuxazulula izakhiwo zamaprotheni emvelo ezibaluleke kakhulu kunabasebenzisi banoma isiphi esinye isikhungo socwaningo lwe-X-ray. Ososayensi be-APS nonjiniyela basebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obusha obuyisisekelo sokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwama-accelerator nemithombo yokukhanya. Lokhu kuhlanganisa amadivayisi okokufaka akhiqiza ama-X-ray agqama kakhulu aziswa abacwaningi, amalensi agxilisa ama-X-reyi kuze kufike kuma-nanometer ambalwa, amathuluzi akhulisa indlela ama-X-ray asebenzisana ngayo nesampula esicwaningwayo, kanye nokuqoqwa nokuphathwa kokutholwa kwe-APS. Ucwaningo lukhiqiza amavolumu amakhulu wedatha.
Lolu cwaningo lusebenzise izinsiza eziphuma ku-Advanced Photon Source, Isikhungo Somsebenzisi Somnyango Wezamandla Wase-US esisetshenziswa yi-Argonne National Laboratory yoMnyango Wezamandla Wehhovisi Lesayensi lase-US ngaphansi kwenombolo yenkontileka DE-AC02-06CH11357.
I-Argonne National Laboratory ilwela ukuxazulula izinkinga ezicindezelayo zesayensi yasekhaya nobuchwepheshe. Njengelabhorethri yokuqala kazwelonke e-United States, i-Argonne yenza ucwaningo oluyisisekelo nolusetshenziswayo cishe kuyo yonke imikhakha yesayensi. Abacwaningi be-Argonne basebenzisana eduze nabacwaningi abavela ezinkampanini ezingamakhulu, amanyuvesi, kanye nezinhlaka zikahulumeni, zombuso, kanye nomasipala ukuze babasize baxazulule izinkinga ezithile, bathuthukise ubuholi besayensi base-US, futhi balungiselele isizwe ikusasa elingcono. I-Argonne iqashe abasebenzi abavela emazweni angaphezu kuka-60 futhi isetshenziswa yi-UChicago Argonne, LLC yeHhovisi Lesayensi Lomnyango Wezamandla wase-US.
Ihhovisi Lesayensi loMnyango Wezamandla wase-US lingumsekeli omkhulu wesizwe ocwaningweni oluyisisekelo kusayensi yemvelo, elisebenzela ukubhekana nezinye zezinkinga ezicindezela kakhulu zesikhathi sethu. Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe, vakashela ku-https://​energy​.gov/science​ience.