Abacwaningi e-US Department of Energy's (DOE) Argonne National Laboratory banomlando omude wokuthola izinto ezintsha emkhakheni wamabhethri e-lithium-ion. Eminingi yale miphumela imayelana ne-cathode yebhethri, ebizwa ngokuthi i-NMC, i-nickel manganese kanye ne-cobalt oxide. Ibhethri elinale cathode manje lisebenzisa i-Chevrolet Bolt.
Abacwaningi base-Argonne bafinyelele enye intuthuko kuma-cathode e-NMC. Isakhiwo sezinhlayiya ezincane ze-cathode zeqembu singenza ibhethri liqine futhi liphephe kakhudlwana, likwazi ukusebenza ngama-voltage aphezulu kakhulu futhi linikeze amabanga okuhamba amade.
“Manje sinesiqondiso abakhiqizi bamabhethri abangasisebenzisa ukwenza izinto ze-cathode ezinomfutho ophezulu, ezingenamingcele,” kusho uKhalil Amin, u-Argonne Fellow Emeritus.
“Ama-cathode e-NMC akhona ayisihibe esikhulu emsebenzini we-voltage ephezulu,” kusho umsizi wekhemistri uGuiliang Xu. Ngokushintshashintsha kokushaja nokukhipha i-charge, ukusebenza kwehla ngokushesha ngenxa yokwakheka kwemifantu ezinhlayiyeni ze-cathode. Sekungamashumi eminyaka abacwaningi bamabhethri befuna izindlela zokulungisa le mifantu.
Enye indlela esikhathini esidlule yayisebenzisa izinhlayiya ezincane eziyindilinga ezakhiwe izinhlayiya eziningi ezincane kakhulu. Izinhlayiya ezinkulu eziyindilinga ziyi-polycrystalline, ezinezindawo ezikristalu ezinezici ezahlukahlukene. Ngenxa yalokho, zinalokho ososayensi abakubiza ngokuthi imingcele yokusanhlamvu phakathi kwezinhlayiya, okungabangela ukuthi ibhethri liqhekeke ngesikhathi somjikelezo. Ukuze kuvinjelwe lokhu, ozakwabo bakaXu no-Argonne babethuthukise ungqimba lwe-polymer oluvikelayo oluzungeze inhlayiya ngayinye. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kuzungeze izinhlayiya ezinkulu eziyindilinga kanye nezinhlayiya ezincane ngaphakathi kwazo.
Enye indlela yokugwema lolu hlobo lokuqhekeka ukusebenzisa izinhlayiya zekristalu eyodwa. I-electron microscopy yalezi zinhlayiya ibonise ukuthi azinamingcele.
Inkinga yethimba kwakuwukuthi ama-cathode enziwe ngama-polycrystals amboziwe kanye namakristalu angawodwa ayesaphuka ngesikhathi sokujikeleza. Ngakho-ke, benze ukuhlaziywa okubanzi kwalezi zinto ze-cathode e-Advanced Photon Source (APS) kanye nase-Center for Nanomaterials (CNM) e-Argonne Science Center yoMnyango Wezamandla wase-US.
Ukuhlaziywa okuhlukahlukene kwe-x-ray kwenziwa ezingalweni ezinhlanu ze-APS (11-BM, 20-BM, 2-ID-D, 11-ID-C kanye ne-34-ID-E). Kuvele ukuthi lokho ososayensi ababekucabanga ukuthi kuyikristalu elilodwa, njengoba kuboniswe yi-electron kanye ne-X-ray microscopy, empeleni kwakunomngcele ngaphakathi. Ukuskena kanye ne-transmission electron microscopy yama-CNM kuqinisekisile lesi siphetho.
“Lapho sibheka ukuma kwangaphandle kwalezi zinhlayiya, zazibukeka njengezinhlayiya ezilodwa,” kusho isazi sesayensi yefiziksi uWenjun Liu. â�<“但是，当我們在APS 使用一种称為同步加速器X射线衍射显微镜的技术和其他技术时，我們发现边界隐藏在内部。” � <“但是 , 当 在 使用 使用 种 称為 同步 加速器 x 射线 显微镜的 技术 和 其他 时 ， 我们在.""Kodwa-ke, lapho sisebenzisa inqubo ebizwa ngokuthi i-synchrotron X-ray diffraction microscopy kanye nezinye izindlela kwa-APS, sithole ukuthi imingcele yayifihliwe ngaphakathi."
Okubalulekile, ithimba lisungule indlela yokukhiqiza amakristalu angawodwa ngaphandle kwemingcele. Ukuhlola amaseli amancane ngale cathode yekristalu engawodwa kuma-voltage aphezulu kakhulu kubonise ukwanda okungu-25% kokugcinwa kwamandla ngevolumu yeyunithi ngayinye ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ukusebenza kwemijikelezo yokuhlola eyi-100. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ama-cathode e-NMC akhiwe ngamakristalu angawodwa ane-interface eminingi noma ama-polycrystals amboziwe abonise ukwehla kwamandla kusuka ku-60% kuya ku-88% esikhathini esifanayo sokuphila.
Ukubalwa kwesikali se-athomu kwembula indlela yokunciphisa amandla e-cathode. Ngokusho kukaMaria Chang, isazi se-nanoscientist e-CNM, imingcele inamathuba amaningi okulahlekelwa ama-athomu e-oxygen uma ibhethri lishajwa kunezindawo ezikude nazo. Lokhu kulahlekelwa umoya-mpilo kuholela ekuwohlokeni komjikelezo weseli.
“Izibalo zethu zibonisa ukuthi umngcele ungaholela kanjani ekukhishweni komoya-mpilo ngomfutho ophezulu, okungaholela ekusebenzeni okunciphile,” kusho uChan.
Ukususa umngcele kuvimbela ukuguquka komoya-mpilo, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukisa ukuphepha kanye nokuzinza kwe-cathode. Ukulinganiswa kokuguquka komoya-mpilo nge-APS kanye nomthombo wokukhanya othuthukisiwe eLawrence Berkeley National Laboratory yoMnyango Wezamandla wase-US kuqinisekisa lesi siphetho.
“Manje sineziqondiso abakhiqizi bamabhethri abangazisebenzisa ukwenza izinto ze-cathode ezingenamingcele futhi ezisebenza ngomfutho ophezulu,” kusho uKhalil Amin, u-Argonne Fellow Emeritus. â�<“该指南应适用于NMC 以外的其他正极材料。” â�<“该指南应适用于NMC 以外的其他正极材料。”"Iziqondiso kufanele zisebenze kwezinye izinto ze-cathode ngaphandle kwe-NMC."
Isihloko esimayelana nalolu cwaningo savela kumagazini i-Nature Energy. Ngaphandle kukaXu, Amin, Liu noChang, ababhali be-Argonne ngo-Xiang Liu, Venkata Surya Chaitanya Kolluru, Chen Zhao, Xinwei Zhou, Yuzi Liu, Liang Ying, Amin Daali, Yang Ren, Wenqian Xu , Junjing Deng, Inhui Hwang, M Taonghang Zu, Chengjun, M. Ososayensi abavela ku-Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Wanli Yang, Qingtian Li, noZengqing Zhuo), i-Xiamen University (Jing-Jing Fan, Ling Huang kanye ne-Shi-Gang Sun) kanye neNyuvesi yaseTsinghua (i-Dongsheng Ren, i-Xuning Feng ne-Mingao Ouyang).
Mayelana ne-Argonne Center for Nanomaterials I-Center for Nanomaterials, enye yezikhungo ezinhlanu zocwaningo lwe-nanotechnology yoMnyango Wezamandla wase-US, iyisikhungo esihamba phambili kuzwelonke socwaningo lwe-nanoscale oluhlanganisa imikhakha eyahlukene olusekelwa yiHhovisi Lesayensi loMnyango Wezamandla wase-US. Ngokubambisana, ama-NSRC akha isethi yezikhungo ezihambisanayo ezinikeza abacwaningi amakhono asezingeni eliphezulu okwakha, ukucubungula, ukuchaza, kanye nokwenza amamodeli ezinto ze-nanoscale futhi amele utshalomali olukhulu kakhulu lwengqalasizinda ngaphansi kwe-National Nanotechnology Initiative. I-NSRC itholakala e-US Department of Energy National Laboratories e-Argonne, eBrookhaven, eLawrence Berkeley, e-Oak Ridge, eSandia, naseLos Alamos. Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe mayelana ne-NSRC DOE, vakashela ku-https://science​.osti​.gov/​Us​er​-Fa​i​ilit​​​​ie​s​/ ​Us​ er​-Fa​i​i​l​it​ie​ie​s​-at​-a​Glance.
I-Advanced Photon Source (APS) yoMnyango Wezamandla wase-US e-Argonne National Laboratory ingenye yemithombo ye-X-ray ekhiqiza kakhulu emhlabeni. I-APS inikeza ama-X-ray anamandla kakhulu emphakathini ocwaningayo ohlukahlukene kwezesayensi yezinto zokwakha, ikhemistri, i-condensed matter physics, isayensi yokuphila nezemvelo, kanye nocwaningo olusetshenzisiwe. La ma-X-ray alungele ukufunda izinto zokwakha kanye nezakhiwo zezinto eziphilayo, ukusatshalaliswa kwezinto, izimo zamakhemikhali, zamagnetic kanye neze-elekthronikhi, kanye nezinhlelo zobunjiniyela ezibalulekile ngobuchwepheshe zazo zonke izinhlobo, kusukela kumabhethri kuya kuma-nozzles e-fuel injector, abalulekile emnothweni wethu wezwe, ubuchwepheshe kanye nesisekelo sempilo yomzimba. Unyaka ngamunye, abacwaningi abangaphezu kuka-5,000 basebenzisa i-APS ukushicilela izincwadi ezingaphezu kuka-2,000 ezichaza okutholwe okubalulekile kanye nokuxazulula izakhiwo zamaprotheni ezinto eziphilayo ezibaluleke kakhulu kunabasebenzisi banoma yisiphi esinye isikhungo socwaningo lwe-X-ray. Ososayensi nonjiniyela be-APS basebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obusha obuyisisekelo sokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwama-accelerator kanye nemithombo yokukhanya. Lokhu kufaka phakathi amadivayisi okufaka akhiqiza ama-X-ray akhanya kakhulu aziswa abacwaningi, amalensi agxilisa ama-X-ray phansi kuma-nanometer ambalwa, amathuluzi akhulisa indlela ama-X-ray asebenzisana ngayo nesampula esifundwayo, kanye nokuqoqwa nokuphathwa kwezinto ezitholwe yi-APS. Ucwaningo lukhiqiza inani elikhulu ledatha.
Lolu cwaningo lusebenzise izinsiza ezivela ku-Advanced Photon Source, i-US Department of Energy Office of Science User Center eqhutshwa yi-Argonne National Laboratory ye-US Department of Energy Office of Science ngaphansi kwenkontileka yenombolo DE-AC02-06CH11357.
I-Argonne National Laboratory ilwela ukuxazulula izinkinga eziphuthumayo zesayensi nobuchwepheshe basekhaya. Njengelabhorethri yokuqala kazwelonke e-United States, i-Argonne yenza ucwaningo oluyisisekelo nolusetshenziswayo olusezingeni eliphezulu cishe kuzo zonke izigaba zesayensi. Abacwaningi base-Argonne basebenzisana eduze nabacwaningi abavela ezinkampanini eziningi, amanyuvesi, kanye nezinhlangano zikahulumeni, zesifundazwe, kanye nezomasipala ukuze babasize baxazulule izinkinga ezithile, bathuthukise ubuholi besayensi base-US, futhi balungiselele isizwe ikusasa elingcono. I-Argonne iqasha abasebenzi abavela emazweni angaphezu kuka-60 futhi iqhutshwa yi-UChicago Argonne, LLC yeHhovisi Lesayensi LoMnyango Wezamandla wase-US.
IHhovisi Lesayensi loMnyango Wezamandla wase-US lingumsekeli omkhulu kunabo bonke wesizwe wocwaningo oluyisisekelo kwezesayensi yemvelo, lisebenzela ukubhekana nezinye zezinkinga eziphuthumayo kakhulu zesikhathi sethu. Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe, vakashela ku-https://​energy​.gov/​science​ience.