Ngokukhula kwe-aluminium ngaphakathi kwemboni ye-welding fabrication, nokwamukelwa kwayo njengenye indlela enhle kakhulu yensimbi yezinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi, kunezidingo ezikhulayo zalabo abathintekayo ekuthuthukiseni amaphrojekthi e-aluminium ukuze bajwayele leli qembu lezinto zokwakha. Ukuze uqonde ngokugcwele i-aluminium, kuhle ukuthi uqale ngokujwayelana nesistimu yokuhlonza i-aluminium, ama-alloys amaningi e-aluminium atholakalayo kanye nezici zawo.

I-Aluminium Alloy Temper kanye nesistimu yokuqokwa- ENyakatho Melika, i-Aluminium Association Inc. inesibopho sokwabiwa nokubhaliswa kwama-alloys e-aluminium. Njengamanje kune-aluminiyamu ekhandiwe engaphezu kuka-400 nama-alloys agayiwe kanye nama-alloys angaphezu kuka-200 ngendlela yokusansimbi nezingotshi ezibhaliswe ne-Aluminium Association. Imikhawulo yokwakheka kwamakhemikhali engxubevange yazo zonke lezi zingxubevange ezibhalisiwe ziqukethwe ku-Aluminium Association'sIncwadi ye-Tealenesihloko esithi “International Alloy Designations and Chemical Composition Limits for Wrought Aluminium and Wrought Aluminium Alloys” nakuzoIncwadi Epinkienesihloko esithi “Imikhawulo yokuklama kanye Nokwakheka Kwekhemikhali Yengxubevange Ye-Aluminium Ngendlela Ye-Castings ne-Ingot. Lezi zincwadi zingaba usizo kakhulu kunjiniyela wokushisela lapho ethuthukisa izinqubo zokushisela, futhi lapho ukucatshangelwa kwamakhemikhali kanye nokuhlotshaniswa kwawo nokuzwela kwe-crack kubalulekile.

Ama-alloys e-aluminium angahlukaniswa abe ngamaqembu amaningana ngokusekelwe kuzici zezinto ezithile ezifana nekhono layo lokusabela ekwelapheni okushisayo nokwemishini kanye nesici esiyinhloko sokuxuba esingezwe kungxube ye-aluminium. Uma sicubungula uhlelo lwezinombolo / lokuhlonza olusetshenziselwa ama-alloys e-aluminium, izici ezingenhla ziyabonakala. Ama-aluminiyamu enziwe futhi asakazwa anezinhlelo ezihlukene zokuhlonza. Uhlelo olusebenzayo luwuhlelo olunamadijithi angu-4 kanti ukulingisa kunohlelo lwamadijithi angu-3 kanye nesistimu yendawo yedesimali engu-1.

I-Wrought Alloy Designation System- Sizoqale sicabangele uhlelo lokuhlonza ingxubevange ye-aluminium enamadijithi angu-4. Idijithi yokuqala (Xxxx) ikhombisa ingxenye eyinhloko yengxubevange, eye yengezwa kungxubevange ye-aluminium futhi ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukuchaza uchungechunge lwe-aluminium alloy, okungukuthi, uchungechunge lwe-1000, uchungechunge luka-2000, uchungechunge lwe-3000, uchungechunge olufika ku-8000 (bheka ithebula 1).

Idijithi yesibili eyodwa (xXxx), uma ihlukile ku-0, ikhombisa ukuguqulwa kwengxubevange ethile, kanye nedijithi yesithathu neyesine (xxXX) ziyizinombolo ezinikezwayo ukuze kutholakale ingxubevange ethile ochungechungeni. Isibonelo: Ku-alloy 5183, inombolo 5 ikhombisa ukuthi iwuchungechunge lwe-magnesium alloy, u-1 ukhombisa ukuthi u-1^stukuguqulwa ku-alloy yasekuqaleni 5083, futhi i-83 ikhomba ochungechungeni lwe-5xxx.

Okuwukuphela kokuhlukile kulolu hlelo lwezinombolo ze-alloy i-1xxx series aluminium alloys (ama-aluminiyamu ahlanzekile) lapho, amadijithi angu-2 okugcina ahlinzeka ngamaphesenti amancane e-aluminium angaphezu kuka-99%, okungukuthi, i-Alloy 13.(50)(99.50% ubuncane be-aluminium).

UHLELO LOKWENZIWA KWE-ALUMINIUM OLUSEBENZAYO

Ithebula 1

I-Cast Alloy Designation- Isistimu yokuqoka ingxubevange yensimbi isekelwe emazingeni amadijithi angu-3 kanye nedesimali ethi xxx.x (okungukuthi 356.0). Idijithi yokuqala (Xxx.x) ikhombisa ingxenye eyinhloko yengxubevange, eye yengezwa kungxubevange ye-aluminium (bheka ithebula 2).

CAKA UHLELO LWE-ALLOY YE-ALUMINIUM

Ithebula 2

Idijithi yesibili neyesithathu (xXX.x) izinombolo ezivele zinikezwe ukukhomba ingxubevange ethile ochungechungeni. Inombolo elandela iphoyinti ledesimali ibonisa ukuthi ingxubevange iwukusakaza (.0) noma ingot (.1 noma .2). Isiqalo sosonhlamvukazi sibonisa ukuguqulwa kwengxubevange ethile.
Isibonelo: Ingxubevange – A356.0 inhlokodolobha A (Axxx.x) ikhombisa ukuguqulwa kwe-alloy 356.0. Inombolo 3 (A3xx.x) ikhombisa ukuthi ingeye-silicon plus copper kanye/noma uchungechunge lwe-magnesium. Abangama-56 ku-(Ax56.0) ihlonza ingxubevange phakathi kochungechunge lwe-3xx.x, kanye ne-.0 (Axxx.0) ikhombisa ukuthi iyisimo sokugcina hhayi ingot.

I-Aluminium Temper Designation System -Uma sicubungula uchungechunge oluhlukile lwama-alloys e-aluminium, sizobona ukuthi kunomehluko omkhulu ezicini zabo nasekusetshenzisweni okuwumphumela. Iphuzu lokuqala okufanele siliqaphele, ngemva kokuqonda uhlelo lokuhlonza, ukuthi kunezinhlobo ezimbili ezihluke kakhulu ze-aluminium phakathi kochungechunge olushiwo ngenhla. Lawa ama-alloys e-Aluminium Engalawuleki Ngokushisa (lawo angathola amandla ngokungezwa kokushisa) kanye nama-alloys e-Aluminium Engalawuleki. Lo mehluko ubaluleke kakhulu uma ucubungula imithelela ye-arc welding kulezi zinhlobo ezimbili zezinto.

I-1xxx, 3xxx, kanye ne-5xxx yochungechunge lwe-aluminium alloys ayelapheka futhi aqinile kuphela. I-2xxx, 6xxx, kanye ne-7xxx yochungechunge lwe-aluminium alloys egayiwe iyalapheka futhi uchungechunge lwe-4xxx luqukethe kokubili ama-alloys alaphekayo angelaphekayo angashisi. Ama-alloys angu-2xx.x, 3xx.x, 4xx.x kanye ne-7xx.x ayakwazi ukulawuleka ukushisa. Ukuqina kokuqina ngokuvamile akusetshenziselwa ukulingisa.

Ama-alloys alapheka ngokushisa athola izakhiwo zawo ezingcono kakhulu zemishini ngenqubo yokwelapha okushisayo, izindlela zokwelapha ezishisayo ezivame kakhulu Ukwelashwa Kokushisa Kwesixazululo kanye Nokuguga Okwenziwayo. Ukwelashwa Kokushisa Kwesixazululo kuyinqubo yokushisisa ingxubevange ekushiseni okuphakeme (okungaba ngu-990 Deg. F) ukuze kufakwe izakhi zengxubevange noma izinhlanganisela zibe yisixazululo. Lokhu kulandelwa ukucisha, ngokuvamile emanzini, ukuze kukhiqizwe isisombululo esigcwele kakhulu endaweni yokushisa yasekamelweni. Ukwelashwa kokushisa kwesixazululo kuvame ukulandelwa ukuguga. Ukuguga imvula yengxenye yezakhi noma izinhlanganisela ezivela kusixazululo esigcwele kakhulu ukuze kukhiqizwe izici ezifiselekayo.

Ama-alloy angelaphekayo angashisi athola izakhiwo zawo ezinhle kakhulu nge-Strain Hardening. Ukuqina kokuqina kuyindlela yokwandisa amandla ngokusebenzisa ukusebenza okubandayo.T6, 6063-T4, 5052-H32, 5083-H112.

IZINQUBO ZOKUSHIYA ESISISEKELO

Ithebula 3

Ngaphezulu kwegama eliyisisekelo lentukuthelo, kunezigaba ezimbili zokuhlukaniswa, eyodwa ikhuluma negama elithi "H" -Strain Hardening, kanti enye ikhuluma negama elithi "T" Temper - Thermally Treated.

Izingxenye ezingaphansi ze-H Temper - I-Strain Hardened

Idijithi yokuqala ngemva kuka-H ibonisa ukusebenza okuyisisekelo:
H1- Uhlu Oluqinile Kuphela.
H2- I-Strain iqinisiwe futhi ikhishwe kancane.
H3- Ubunzima buqinisiwe futhi buzinzile.
H4- I-Strain Eqinisiwe futhi I-Lacquered noma Ipendiwe.

Idijithi yesibili ngemva kwe-H ibonisa izinga lokuqina kobunzima:
HX2– Ikota Hard HX4- I-Half Hard HX6- Izingxenye ezintathu ezinzima
HX8- I-HX Eqinile Egcwele9– Kanzima Kakhudlwana

Izingxenye ezingaphansi ze-T Temper - Ziphathwa Ngokushisa

T1- Igugile ngokwemvelo ngemva kokupholisa kusukela kunqubo yokwakheka kwezinga lokushisa eliphakeme, njengokukhipha ngaphandle.
T2- Amakhaza asebenze ngemva kokupholisa kusukela kunqubo yokwakheka kwezinga lokushisa eliphakeme bese eguga ngokwemvelo.
T3- Isixazululo siphathwe ngokushisa, sisebenze amakhaza futhi sigugile ngokwemvelo.
T4- Isixazululo siphathwe ngokushisa futhi sigugile ngokwemvelo.
T5- Ikhulile ngokuzenzisa ngemva kokupholisa kusukela kunqubo yokubunjwa kwezinga lokushisa eliphakeme.
T6- Isixazululo siphathwe ngokushisa futhi siguge ngokuzenzela.
T7- Isixazululo siphathwe ngokushisa futhi sizinzile (sesikhulile ngokweqile).
T8- Isixazululo siphathwe ngokushisisa, sisebenze amakhaza futhi siguge ngokuzenzela.
T9- Isixazululo selashwe ukushisa, ukuguga ngokuzenzela kanye nokubanda kwasebenza.
T10- Amakhaza asebenze ngemva kokupholisa kusukela kunqubo yokwakheka kwezinga lokushisa eliphakeme bese eguga ngokuzenzela.

Izinombolo ezengeziwe zibonisa ukukhululeka kwengcindezi.
Izibonelo:
TX51noma TXX51– Ingcindezi ikhululeka ngokuzelula.
TX52noma TXX52- I-stress iyancipha ngokucindezela.

Ama-aluminium Alloys Nezimpawu zawo- Uma sicubungula uchungechunge oluyisikhombisa lwama-alloys e-aluminium enziwe, sizokwazisa ukuhluka kwawo futhi siqonde ukusetshenziswa kwawo nezici.

1xxx Series Alloys– (okungalawuleki ukushisa – ngamandla okugcina aqinile angu-10 kuya ku-27 ksi) lolu chungechunge luvame ukubizwa ngokuthi uchungechunge lwe-aluminium emsulwa ngoba ludingeka ukuthi lube nobuncane be-aluminium obungu-99.0%. Ziyakwazi ukushisela. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yobubanzi bazo obuncane bokuncibilika, badinga ukucatshangelwa okuthile ukuze bakhiqize izinqubo zokushisela ezamukelekayo. Uma kucatshangelwa ukwenziwa, lawa ma-alloys akhethelwa ngokuyinhloko ukumelana kwawo nokugqwala okuphakeme njengakumathangi amakhemikhali akhethekile namapayipi, noma ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwawo okuhle kakhulu kukagesi njengasezindaweni zebha yebhasi. Lawa ma-alloys anezakhiwo ezimpofu uma kuqhathaniswa futhi ngeke acatshangelwe ukusetshenziswa kwesakhiwo esijwayelekile. Lawa ma-alloys ayisisekelo avame ukushiselwa ngezinto zokugcwalisa ezifanayo noma ngama-alloys okugcwalisa angama-4xxx ngokuya ngezidingo zohlelo lokusebenza nokusebenza.

2xxx Series Alloys– (ukushisa kuyalapheka– ngamandla okugcina aqinile angu-27 kuya ku-62 ksi) lawa ama-alloys e-aluminium / ethusi (izithako zethusi ezisukela ku-0.7 kuya ku-6.8%), futhi zingamandla aphezulu, ama-alloys asebenza kakhulu avame ukusetshenziselwa i-aerospace kanye nezicelo zezindiza. Zinamandla amakhulu ngaphezu kwezinga lokushisa elibanzi. Amanye alawa ma-alloys abhekwa njenge-non-weldable yizinqubo zokushisela i-arc ngenxa yokuthambekela kwabo ekuqhekekeni okushisayo nokucindezeleka kokuqhekeka kokugqwala; Nokho, amanye ashiselwe ngempumelelo kakhulu ngezinqubo zokushisela ezifanele. Lezi zinto eziyisisekelo zivame ukushiselwa ngamandla aphezulu angu-2xxx series filler alloys eklanyelwe ukufanisa ukusebenza kwazo, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi zingashiselwa ngezihlungi zochungechunge lwe-4xxx eziqukethe i-silicon noma i-silicon nethusi, kuya ngesicelo nezidingo zesevisi.

3xxx Series Alloys– (okungalawuleki ukushisa – okunamandla okugcina aqinile angu-16 kuya ku-41 ksi) Lawa ama-alloys e-aluminium / manganese (izengezo ze-manganese ezisukela ku-0.05 kuya ku-1.8%) futhi zinamandla amaphakathi, zikwazi ukumelana nokugqwala okuhle, zikwazi ukumila kahle futhi zifanelekile. ukusetshenziswa emazingeni okushisa aphakeme. Okunye ukusetshenziswa kwabo kokuqala kwaba amabhodwe namapani, futhi ayingxenye enkulu namuhla yezishintshisi zokushisa ezimotweni nasezitshalweni zikagesi. Amandla abo amaphakathi, nokho, ngokuvamile avimbela ukucatshangelwa kwawo kwezinhlelo zokusebenza zesakhiwo. Lawa ma-alloys ashiselwe nge-1xxx, 4xxx kanye ne-5xxx series filler alloys, kuncike kumakhemikhali awo athile kanye nezidingo ezithile zohlelo lokusebenza kanye nesevisi.

4xxx Series Alloys– (ukushisa kuyalapheka futhi okungashisi kuyalapheka – ngamandla amakhulu aqinile angama-25 kuya ku-55 ksi) Lawa ama-alloys e-aluminium/silicon (izithasiselo ze-silicon ezisukela ku-0.6 kuye ku-21.5%) futhi iwukuphela kochungechunge oluqukethe kokubili ukushisa okulaphekayo nokungeyona- ama-alloys alaphekayo ukushisa. I-silicon, uma ifakwe ku-aluminium, inciphisa indawo yayo yokuncibilika futhi ithuthukise ukugeleza kwayo lapho incibilika. Lezi zici ziyafiseleka ezintweni zokugcwalisa ezisetshenziselwa kokubili i-fusion welding kanye ne-brazing. Ngakho-ke, lolu chungechunge lwama-alloys lutholakala kakhulu njengento yokugcwalisa. I-silicon, ngokuzimela ku-aluminium, ayilapheki ukushisa; kodwa-ke, inani lalawa ma-silicon alloys aklanyelwe ukuba abe nezithako ze-magnesium noma zethusi, ezinikeza ikhono lokuphendula kahle ekuxazululeni ukwelashwa kokushisa. Ngokuvamile, lawa ma-alloys okugcwalisa angelapheka ngokushisa asetshenziswa kuphela lapho ingxenye eshiselwe kufanele ifakwe ekwelapheni okushisayo okushiselwe.

5xxx Series Alloys– (okungalapheki ukushisa – ngamandla okugcina aqinile angu-18 kuya ku-51 ksi) Lawa ama-alloys e-aluminium / magnesium (izithako ze-magnesium ezisukela ku-0.2 kuya ku-6.2%) futhi zinamandla aphakeme kakhulu ama-alloys angelaphekayo angashisi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lolu chungechunge lwe-alloy lukwazi ukushisela kalula, futhi ngenxa yalezi zizathu zisetshenziselwa izinhlelo zokusebenza ezihlukahlukene ezifana nokwakhiwa kwemikhumbi, ukuthutha, imikhumbi yokucindezela, amabhuloho nezakhiwo. Ama-alloys esisekelo se-magnesium avame ukushiselwa ngama-alloys okugcwalisa, akhethwa ngemuva kokucutshungulwa kokuqukethwe kwe-magnesium yezinto eziyisisekelo, kanye nokusetshenziswa nezimo zesevisi zengxenye eshiselwe. Ama-alloys kulolu chungechunge ane-magnesium engaphezu kuka-3.0% awanconyelwe isevisi yezinga lokushisa elingaphezu kuka-150 deg F ngenxa yamandla awo okuzwela kanye nokuba sengozini okulandelayo ekucindezelweni kokuqhekeka kokugqwala. Ama-alloys ayisisekelo ane-magnesium engaphansi cishe kuka-2.5% avame ukushiselwa ngempumelelo nge-alloys yokugcwalisa engu-5xxx noma engu-4xxx. I-base alloy 5052 ngokuvamile ibonwa njengobuningi be-magnesium base base alloy engashiselwa nge-4xxx series filler alloy. Ngenxa yezinkinga ezihlobene nokuncibilika kwe-eutectic kanye nezakhiwo zemishini ezishiselwe njenge-welded, akunconywa ukushisela izinto kulolu chungechunge lwe-alloy, oluqukethe amanani aphezulu e-magnesium ngezihlungi zochungechunge lwe-4xxx. Izinto ezisezingeni eliphakeme zesisekelo se-magnesium zishiselwe kuphela ngama-alloys okugcwalisa angu-5xxx, ngokuvamile afana nokwakheka kwe-alloy eyisisekelo.

6XXX Series Alloys- (ukushisa kuyelapheka - ngamandla okugcina aqinile angu-18 kuya ku-58 ksi) Lawa ama-aluminium / magnesium - ama-silicon alloys (izithako ze-magnesium ne-silicon cishe ngo-1.0%) futhi atholakala kabanzi kuyo yonke imboni yokwenza i-welding, esetshenziswa kakhulu ngendlela ama-extrusions, futhi ahlanganiswe ezingxenyeni eziningi zesakhiwo. Ukwengezwa kwe-magnesium ne-silicon ku-aluminium kukhiqiza inhlanganisela ye-magnesium-silicide, ehlinzeka le nto ikhono layo lokuba yisisombululo sokushisa esilashelwa amandla athuthukisiwe. Lawa ma-alloys azwela ukuqina ngokwemvelo, futhi ngenxa yalesi sizathu, akufanele abe arc ashiselwe ngokuzenzakalelayo (ngaphandle kwezinto zokugcwalisa). Ukwengezwa kwamanani anele ezinto zokugcwalisa ngesikhathi senqubo yokushisela i-arc kubalulekile ukuze kuhlinzekwe ukuhlanjululwa kwezinto eziyisisekelo, ngaleyo ndlela kuvinjwe inkinga yokuqhekeka okushisayo. Ashiselwe ngazo zombili izinto zokugcwalisa i-4xxx ne-5xxx, kuya ngesicelo kanye nezidingo zesevisi.

7XXX Series Alloys– (ukushisa kuyalapheka – ngamandla okugcina aqinile angu-32 kuya ku-88 ksi) Lawa ama-alloys e-aluminium/zinc (izithako ze-zinc ezisukela ku-0.8 kuya ku-12.0%) futhi ahlanganisa amanye ama-alloys anamandla kakhulu e-aluminium. Lawa ma-alloys avame ukusetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zokusebenza eziphezulu njengezindiza, i-aerospace, nemishini yezemidlalo yokuncintisana. Njengochungechunge lwe-2xxx lwama-alloys, lolu chungechunge luhlanganisa ama-alloys athathwa njengamakhandidethi angafanelekile we-arc welding, nezinye, ezivame ukushiselwa nge-arc ngempumelelo. Ama-alloys ajwayele ukushiselwa kulolu chungechunge, njenge-7005, ashiselwe kakhulu ngama-alloys okugcwalisa ochungechunge lwe-5xxx.

Isifinyezo- Ama-alloys e-aluminium anamuhla, kanye nolaka lwawo oluhlukahlukene, ahlanganisa uhla olubanzi noguquguqukayo lwezinto zokwakha. Ukuze uthole umklamo omuhle womkhiqizo kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwenqubo yokushisela okuphumelelayo, kubalulekile ukuqonda umehluko phakathi kwama-alloys amaningi atholakalayo kanye nokusebenza kwawo okuhlukahlukene kanye nezici zokushisela. Lapho kwakhiwa izinqubo zokushisela i-arc zalawa ma-alloys ahlukene, kufanele kucatshangelwe ingxubevange ethile eshiselwayo. Kuvame ukuthiwa ukushiselwa kwe-arc kwe-aluminium akunzima, "kuhlukile nje". Ngikholelwa ukuthi ingxenye ebalulekile yokuqonda lo mehluko ukujwayelana nama-alloys ahlukahlukene, izici zawo, nesistimu yawo yokuhlonza.