Njengoba i-aluminium ikhula embonini yokukhiqiza ukushisela, kanye nokwamukelwa kwayo njengendlela engcono kakhulu esikhundleni sensimbi yezinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi, kunezidingo ezandayo kulabo ababandakanyeka ekuthuthukiseni amaphrojekthi e-aluminium ukuze bajwayelane kakhulu naleli qembu lezinto zokwakha. Ukuze uqonde ngokugcwele i-aluminium, kungcono ukuqala ngokujwayelana nohlelo lokuhlonza/lokuqokwa kwe-aluminium, ama-alloy amaningi e-aluminium atholakalayo kanye nezici zawo.

Uhlelo Lokushisa Nokuqokwa Kwe-Aluminium Alloy- ENyakatho Melika, i-Aluminium Association Inc. inesibopho sokwabiwa nokubhaliswa kwama-alloy e-aluminium. Njengamanje kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-400 ze-aluminium ezihlanganisiwe nezihlanganisiwe kanye nama-alloy e-aluminium angaphezu kuka-200 ngesimo se-castings nama-ingot abhaliswe ne-Aluminium Association. Imikhawulo yokwakheka kwamakhemikhali e-alloy yawo wonke la ma-alloy abhalisiwe iqukethwe ku-Aluminium Association's.Incwadi Ephuzienesihloko esithi “Izincazelo Ze-Alloy Zamazwe Ngamazwe kanye Nemikhawulo Yokwakheka Kwamakhemikhali Ye-Aluminium Ebunjiwe kanye Ne-Aluminium Ebunjiwe” kanye nasezincwadini zaboIncwadi Epinkienesihloko esithi “Izincazelo kanye Nemikhawulo Yokwakheka Kwamakhemikhali Yama-Aluminium Alloys Ngendlela Yokubumba Nokubumba. Lezi zincwadi zingaba usizo kakhulu kunjiniyela wokubumba lapho ethuthukisa izinqubo zokubumba, nalapho ukucatshangelwa kwekhemistri kanye nokuhlangana kwayo nokuzwela kokuqhekeka kubaluleke kakhulu.

Ama-alloy e-aluminium angahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amaningana ngokusekelwe ezicini zezinto ezithile njengekhono lazo lokuphendula ekushiseni nasekusetshenzisweni kwemishini kanye nesici esiyinhloko sokuxuba esingeziwe ku-alloy ye-aluminium. Uma sicabangela uhlelo lokubhala izinombolo/lokuhlonza olusetshenziswa kuma-alloy e-aluminium, izici ezingenhla ziyahlonzwa. Ama-aluminium aqoshiwe nahlanganisiwe anezinhlelo ezahlukene zokuhlonza. Uhlelo oluqoshiwe luyisistimu yezinombolo ezi-4 kanti ama-castings anohlelo lwendawo yezinombolo ezi-3 kanye ne-1-decimal.

Uhlelo Lokuqokwa Kwe-Alloy Eyenziwe- Okokuqala sizocabangela uhlelo lokuhlonza i-aluminium alloy olunezinombolo ezine. Inombolo yokuqala (Xxxx) ikhombisa isici esiyinhloko sokuxuba, esengezwe ku-aluminium alloy futhi ivame ukusetshenziswa ukuchaza uchungechunge lwe-aluminium alloy, okungukuthi, uchungechunge lwe-1000, uchungechunge lwe-2000, uchungechunge lwe-3000, kuze kufike kuchungechunge lwe-8000 (bheka ithebula 1).

Inombolo yesibili eyodwa (xXxx), uma ihlukile ku-0, ikhombisa ukuguqulwa kwe-alloy ethile, kanye nezinombolo zesithathu nezesine (xxXX) yizinombolo ezingahleliwe ezinikezwe ukuhlonza ingxube ethile ochungechungeni. Isibonelo: Kungxube 5183, inombolo 5 ikhombisa ukuthi ingeyechungechunge lwengxube ye-magnesium, inombolo 1 ikhombisa ukuthi iyi-1^stukuguqulwa kwe-alloy yokuqala engu-5083, kanti i-83 iyikhomba ochungechungeni lwe-5xxx.

Okuwukuphela komehluko kulolu hlelo lokufaka izinombolo ze-alloy ngama-alloy e-aluminium ochungechunge lwe-1xxx (ama-aluminium amsulwa) lapho izinombolo ezimbili zokugcina zinikeza iphesenti elincane le-aluminium elingaphezu kuka-99%, okungukuthi, i-Alloy 13(50)(i-aluminium okungenani engu-99.50%).

UHLELO LOKUKHIWA KWE-ALUMINIMUMU ALLOY ALLOY OLWENZIWE

Ithebula 1

Ukuqokwa kwe-Cast Alloy- Uhlelo lokubonisa i-alloy oluxutshwe nge-cast lusekelwe ku-decimal decision enamadijithi amathathu kanye ne-xxx.x (okungukuthi 356.0). Idijithi yokuqala (Xxx.x) ikhombisa isici esiyinhloko sokuxuba, esengezwe ku-aluminium alloy (bheka ithebula 2).

UHLELO LOKUKHIWA KWE-ALUMINIMUM ALLOY ALOKUPHAKATHI

Ithebula 2

Izinombolo zesibili nezesithathu (xXX.x) yizinombolo ezingahleliwe ezinikezwa ukuhlonza ingxube ethile ochungechungeni. Inombolo elandela iphuzu ledesimali ikhombisa ukuthi ingxube iyi-cast (.0) noma i-ingot (.1 noma .2). Isiqalo sohlamvu olukhulu sibonisa ukuguqulwa kwengxube ethile.
Isibonelo: I-Alloy – A356.0 inhloko-dolobha A (Axxx.x) ikhombisa ukuguqulwa kwe-alloy 356.0. Inombolo 3 (A3xx.x) ikhombisa ukuthi iwuchungechunge lwe-silicon plus copper kanye/noma i-magnesium. I-56 in (Ax)56.0) ikhomba ingxubevange ngaphakathi kochungechunge lwe-3xx.x, kanye ne-.0 (Axxx.0) kubonisa ukuthi kuwukubumba kokugcina hhayi i-ingot.

Uhlelo Lokuqokwa Kwesimo Sobumnene Se-Aluminium -Uma sicabangela uchungechunge oluhlukene lwama-aluminium alloys, sizobona ukuthi kunomehluko omkhulu ezicini zawo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwawo okulandelayo. Iphuzu lokuqala okufanele siliqaphele, ngemva kokuqonda uhlelo lokuhlonza, ukuthi kunezinhlobo ezimbili ezihlukene ngokuphelele ze-aluminium ochungechungeni okukhulunywe ngalo ngenhla. Lezi yi-Heat Treatable Aluminium alloys (lezo ezingathola amandla ngokufaka ukushisa) kanye ne-Non-Heat Treatable Aluminium alloys. Lo mehluko ubaluleke kakhulu uma ucabangela imiphumela yokushisela i-arc kulezi zinhlobo ezimbili zezinto.

Ama-alloy e-aluminium aqiniswe ngochungechunge lwe-1xxx, 3xxx, kanye ne-5xxx awakwazi ukwelashwa ngokushisa futhi aqiniswe ngobunzima kuphela. Ama-alloy e-aluminium aqiniswe ngochungechunge lwe-2xxx, 6xxx, kanye ne-7xxx ayaphathwa ngokushisa kanti uchungechunge lwe-4xxx luqukethe ama-alloy aqiniswe ngokushisa kanye nalawo angaqiniswe ngokushisa. Ama-alloy e-cast ochungechunge lwe-2xx.x, 3xx.x, 4xx.x kanye ne-7xx.x ayaphathwa ngokushisa. Ukuqina kobunzima akuvamile ukusetshenziswa kuma-castings.

Ama-alloy alaphekayo ngokushisa athola izakhiwo zawo ezinhle kakhulu zemishini ngenqubo yokwelashwa ngokushisa, ukwelashwa okushisa okuvame kakhulu yi-Solution Heat Treatment kanye ne-Artificial Aging. I-Solution Heat Treatment inqubo yokushisa i-alloy ekushiseni okuphezulu (cishe ama-Deg. F angu-990) ukuze kufakwe izakhi noma ama-compounds axubile esixazululweni. Lokhu kulandelwa ukucima, ngokuvamile emanzini, ukukhiqiza isixazululo esigcwalisiwe kakhulu ekushiseni kwegumbi. Ukwelashwa ngokushisa kwesixazululo kuvame ukulandelwa ukuguga. Ukuguga kuwukunisela ingxenye yezakhi noma ama-compounds kusuka esixazululweni esigcwalisiwe kakhulu ukuze kutholakale izakhiwo ezifiselekayo.

Ama-alloy angelapheki angashisi athola izakhiwo zawo ezinhle kakhulu zomshini ngokuqinisa ukucindezeleka. Ukuqinisa ukucindezeleka kuyindlela yokwandisa amandla ngokusebenzisa ukusebenza okubandayo.T6, 6063-T4, 5052-H32, 5083-H112.

IZINTO EZIYISISEKO ZOKUTHUKUTHELA

Ithebula 3

Ngaphezu kokubizwa kwesimo sokushisa esiyisisekelo, kunezigaba ezimbili zokuhlukaniswa, esinye sikhuluma nge-“H” Temper – Strain Hardening, kanti esinye sikhuluma nge-“T” Temper – Thermally Treated.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-H Temper - Ukuqina Kokucindezeleka

Inombolo yokuqala ngemva kuka-H ikhombisa umsebenzi oyisisekelo:
H1– Ukuqina Kokucindezeleka Kuphela.
H2– Ukuqina Kokucindezeleka Nokucindezelwa Kancane.
H3– Ukucindezeleka Kuqinisiwe Futhi Kuzinzile.
H4– Iqiniswe futhi ipendwe nge-lacquer noma ipendwe ngopende.

Inombolo yesibili ngemva kuka-H ikhombisa izinga lokuqina kokucindezeleka:
HX2- I-Quarter Hard HX4- Isigamu se-HX Esiqinile6– I-Three-Quart Hard
HX8- I-HX Egcwele Eqinile9- Okunzima Kakhulu

Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-T Temper - Kuphathwe Ngokushisa

T1- Ukuguga ngokwemvelo ngemva kokupholisa ngenxa yenqubo yokubumba izinga lokushisa eliphakeme, njengokukhipha.
T2- Umkhuhlane usebenze ngemva kokupholisa kusukela enkambisweni yokwakheka kwezinga lokushisa eliphakeme bese uvuthwa ngokwemvelo.
T3- Isixazululo siphathwa ngokushisa, sisebenza emakhazeni futhi siguga ngokwemvelo.
T4- Isixazululo siphathwe ngokushisa futhi sigugile ngokwemvelo.
T5- Kugugile ngokwenziwa ngemva kokupholisa ngenxa yenqubo yokubumba izinga lokushisa eliphezulu.
T6- Isixazululo siphathwe ngokushisa futhi sigugile ngokwenziwa.
T7- Isixazululo siphathwe ngokushisa futhi sizinzile (sigugile kakhulu).
T8- Isixazululo siphathwa ngokushisa, sisebenza emakhazeni futhi sigugile ngokwenziwa.
T9- Isixazululo siphathwe ngokushisa, sigugile ngokwenziwa futhi sisebenza ngokubanda.
T10- Ukushisa kusebenze ngemva kokupholisa kusukela enkambisweni yokubumba izinga lokushisa eliphezulu bese kuguga ngokwenziwa.

Izinombolo ezengeziwe zibonisa ukukhululeka ekucindezelekeni.
Izibonelo:
TX51noma i-TXX51– Ukucindezeleka kuncishiswa ngokuzelula.
TX52noma i-TXX52– Ukucindezeleka kuncishiswe ngokucindezela.

Ama-Alloy e-Aluminium Nezimpawu Zawo- Uma sicabangela uchungechunge oluyisikhombisa lwe-aluminium alloys eyenziwe, sizokwazisa umehluko wazo futhi siqonde ukusetshenziswa kwazo kanye nezici zazo.

Ama-alloy ochungechunge lwe-1xxx– (ayikwazi ukwelashwa ngokushisa – enamandla okuqina aphezulu angu-10 kuya ku-27 ksi) lolu chungechunge luvame ukubizwa ngokuthi uchungechunge lwe-aluminiyamu emsulwa ngoba ludingeka ukuthi lube ne-aluminiyamu encane engu-99.0%. Ziyakwazi ukushiselwa. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yobubanzi bazo obuncane bokuncibilika, zidinga ukucatshangelwa okuthile ukuze kukhiqizwe izinqubo zokushisela ezamukelekayo. Uma zicatshangelwa ukwenziwa, lezi zingxube zikhethwa ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yokumelana kwazo nokugqwala okuphezulu njengasemathangini amakhemikhali akhethekile kanye namapayipi, noma ngenxa yokuqhuba kwazo ugesi okuhle kakhulu njengasezisetshenzisweni zebha yamabhasi. Lezi zingxube zinezakhiwo ezingezinhle kakhulu zemishini futhi azivamile ukucatshangelwa ukusetshenziswa kwesakhiwo okujwayelekile. Lezi zingxube eziyisisekelo zivame ukushiselwa ngezinto zokugcwalisa ezifanayo noma nge-4xxx filler alloys kuye ngezidingo zokusetshenziswa nokusebenza.

Ama-alloy ochungechunge lwe-2xxx– (kuyalapheka ngokushisa – ngamandla amakhulu okudonseka angu-27 kuya ku-62 ksi) lawa angama-aluminium/copper alloys (izengezo zethusi ezisukela ku-0.7 kuya ku-6.8%), futhi angama-alloys anamandla aphezulu, asebenza kahle kakhulu avame ukusetshenziselwa izinhlelo zokusebenza zezindiza nezindiza. Anamandla amahle kakhulu phezu kobubanzi bokushisa. Amanye ala ma-alloy abhekwa njengangaxhunyelwa yizinqubo zokushisela i-arc ngenxa yokuthambekela kwawo ekuqhekekeni okushisayo kanye nokuqhekeka kokugqwala kokucindezeleka; nokho, amanye axhunyelwa i-arc ngempumelelo kakhulu ngezinqubo ezifanele zokushisela. Lezi zinto eziyisisekelo zivame ukuxhunyelwa ngama-alloy okugcwalisa ochungechunge lwe-2xxx anamandla aphezulu aklanyelwe ukufanisa ukusebenza kwawo, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi angaxhunyelwa ngama-filler ochungechunge lwe-4xxx aqukethe i-silicon noma i-silicon ne-copper, kuye ngezidingo zohlelo lokusebenza kanye nesevisi.

Ama-alloy ochungechunge lwe-3xxx– (ayikwazi ukwelashwa ngokushisa – enamandla okuqina aphezulu angu-16 kuya ku-41 ksi) Lawa ama-alloy e-aluminium/manganese (izithako ze-manganese ezisukela ku-0.05 kuya ku-1.8%) futhi anamandla aphakathi, anokumelana okuhle nokugqwala, ayakwazi ukwakheka kahle futhi afanele ukusetshenziswa emazingeni okushisa aphezulu. Enye yezinto abazisebenzisayo zokuqala kwakuyizimbiza namapani, futhi namuhla ziyisici esiyinhloko sama-heat exchanger ezimotweni nasezitshalweni zikagesi. Nokho, amandla azo aphakathi avame ukuvimbela ukucatshangelwa kwawo kwezicelo zesakhiwo. Lawa ma-alloy ayisisekelo ahlanganiswe nama-alloy okugcwalisa ochungechunge lwe-1xxx, 4xxx kanye ne-5xxx, kuye ngokuthi amakhemikhali awo athile kanye nezidingo ezithile zokusetshenziswa kanye nesevisi.

Ama-alloy ochungechunge lwe-4xxx– (ingalashwa ngokushisa futhi ingalashwa ngokushisa – enamandla okuqina aphezulu angama-25 kuya ku-55 ksi) Lawa ama-aluminium/silicon alloys (izengezo ze-silicon ezisukela ku-0.6 kuya ku-21.5%) futhi yiwona kuphela uchungechunge oluqukethe ama-alloys alashwa ngokushisa kanye nalawo angalashwa ngokushisa. I-Silicon, uma ingezwa ku-aluminium, inciphisa iphuzu layo lokuncibilika futhi ithuthukise ukugeleza kwayo lapho incibilikiswa. Lezi zici ziyafiseleka ezintweni zokugcwalisa ezisetshenziselwa kokubili ukushisela i-fusion kanye ne-brazing. Ngenxa yalokho, lolu chungechunge lwama-alloys lutholakala kakhulu njengezinto zokugcwalisa. I-Silicon, ngokuzimela ku-aluminium, ayilashwa ngokushisa; nokho, inani lala ma-alloys e-silicon lenzelwe ukuba ne-magnesium noma ithusi, elibanikeza ikhono lokusabela kahle ekwelashweni ngokushisa kwesisombululo. Ngokuvamile, la ma-alloys alashwa ngokushisa asetshenziswa kuphela lapho ingxenye ehlanganisiwe izobhekana nokwelashwa ngokushisa ngemva kokushiswa.

Ama-alloy ochungechunge lwe-5xxx– (okungalapheki ngokushisa – ngamandla aqinile okudonseka angu-18 kuya ku-51 ksi) Lawa ama-alloy e-aluminium/magnesium (izengezo ze-magnesium ezisukela ku-0.2 kuya ku-6.2%) futhi anamandla aphezulu kakhulu ama-alloy angalapheki ngokushisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lolu chungechunge lwe-alloy luyakwazi ukushiselwa kalula, futhi ngenxa yalezi zizathu asetshenziselwa izinhlelo zokusebenza ezahlukahlukene njengokwakha imikhumbi, ezokuthutha, imikhumbi yokucindezela, amabhuloho nezakhiwo. Ama-alloy esisekelo se-magnesium avame ukushiselwa ngama-alloy okugcwalisa, akhethwa ngemuva kokucabangela okuqukethwe kwe-magnesium kwezinto eziyisisekelo, kanye nezimo zokusetshenziswa kanye nenkonzo yengxenye eshisiwe. Ama-alloy kulolu chungechunge ane-magnesium engaphezu kuka-3.0% awanconywa ngensizakalo yokushisa ephezulu ngaphezu kuka-150 deg F ngenxa yamandla awo okuzwela kanye nokuthambekela okulandelayo ekuqhekekeni kokugqwala. Ama-alloy esisekelo ane-magnesium engaphansi kuka-2.5% avame ukushiselwa ngempumelelo ngama-alloy okugcwalisa ochungechunge lwe-5xxx noma lwe-4xxx. I-base alloy 5052 ngokuvamile ibhekwa njenge-base alloy ephezulu kakhulu ye-magnesium engashintshwa nge-4xxx series filler alloy. Ngenxa yezinkinga ezihambisana nokuncibilika kwe-eutectic kanye nezakhiwo ezimbi zemishini ezishintshwayo, akukhuthazwa ukushintshwa kwezinto kulolu chungechunge lwe-alloy, oluqukethe inani eliphezulu le-magnesium ngezitsha zokugcwalisa ze-4xxx series. Izinto ze-base magnesium eziphezulu zishintshwa kuphela ngama-5xxx filler alloys, ngokuvamile afana nokwakheka kwe-base alloy.

Ama-alloy ochungechunge lwe-6XXX– (kuyalapheka ngokushisa – ngamandla aqinile okudonseka angu-18 kuya ku-58 ksi) Lawa ama-aluminium/magnesium – ama-silicon alloys (i-magnesium kanye ne-silicon angeziwe angaba ngu-1.0%) futhi atholakala kabanzi embonini yokukhiqiza ukushisela, asetshenziswa kakhulu ngendlela ye-extrusions, futhi afakwa ezingxenyeni eziningi zesakhiwo. Ukwengezwa kwe-magnesium ne-silicon ku-aluminium kukhiqiza inhlanganisela ye-magnesium-silicide, enikeza le nto ikhono layo lokuba yisisombululo sokwelashwa ngokushisa ukuze kuthuthukiswe amandla. Lawa ma-alloy azwela ngokwemvelo ukuqhekeka kokuqina, futhi ngenxa yalesi sizathu, akufanele ashiselwe nge-arc ngokuzenzakalelayo (ngaphandle kwezinto zokugcwalisa). Ukwengezwa kwenani elanele lezinto zokugcwalisa ngesikhathi senqubo yokushisela i-arc kubalulekile ukuze kuhlinzekwe ukuncishiswa kwezinto eziyisisekelo, ngaleyo ndlela kuvinjelwe inkinga yokuqhekeka okushisa. Ashiselwe ngezinto zokugcwalisa ze-4xxx kanye ne-5xxx, kuye ngezidingo zokusetshenziswa kanye nensizakalo.

Ama-alloy ochungechunge lwe-7XXX– (kuyalapheka ngokushisa – ngamandla aqinile okudonseka angu-32 kuya ku-88 ksi) Lawa ama-alloy e-aluminium/zinc (izengezo ze-zinc ezisukela ku-0.8 kuya ku-12.0%) futhi aqukethe amanye ama-alloy e-aluminium anamandla aphezulu. Lawa ma-alloy avame ukusetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zokusebenza eziphezulu njengezindiza, izindiza, kanye nemishini yezemidlalo yokuncintisana. Njengochungechunge lwe-alloy lwe-2xxx, lolu chungechunge luhlanganisa ama-alloy abhekwa njengangafaneleki ukushisela i-arc, kanye namanye, avame ukushiselwa ngempumelelo nge-arc. Ama-alloy avame ukushiselwa kulolu chungechunge, njenge-7005, ashiselwa kakhulu ngama-alloy okugcwalisa uchungechunge lwe-5xxx.

Isifinyezo- Ama-alloy e-aluminium anamuhla, kanye nokushisa kwawo okuhlukahlukene, aqukethe uhla olubanzi noluguquguqukayo lwezinto zokukhiqiza. Ukuze uklanywe kahle umkhiqizo kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwenqubo yokushisela ephumelelayo, kubalulekile ukuqonda umehluko phakathi kwama-alloy amaningi atholakalayo kanye nokusebenza kwawo okuhlukahlukene kanye nezici zokushisela. Lapho uthuthukisa izinqubo zokushisela i-arc zala ma-alloy ahlukene, kufanele kucatshangelwe i-alloy ethile eshiselwayo. Ngokuvamile kuthiwa ukushisela i-arc ye-aluminum akunzima, "kuhlukile nje". Ngikholwa ukuthi ingxenye ebalulekile yokuqonda lo mehluko ukujwayelana nama-alloy ahlukahlukene, izici zawo, kanye nohlelo lwawo lokuhlonza.