Ingxubevange ingxube yezinto zamakhemikhali ezimbili noma ngaphezulu (okungenani eyodwa yazo eyinsimbi) enezici zensimbi. Ngokuvamile itholakala ngokuhlanganisa ingxenye ngayinye ibe uketshezi oluyiyunifomu bese iyalujiya.
Ama-alloys angaba okungenani eyodwa yalezi zinhlobo ezintathu ezilandelayo: isisombululo esiqinile sesigaba esisodwa sezinto, ingxube yezigaba eziningi zensimbi, noma inhlanganisela ye-intermetallic yezinsimbi. I-microstructure yama-alloys kusisombululo esiqinile sinesigaba esisodwa, kanti amanye ama-alloys esixazululweni anezigaba ezimbili noma ngaphezulu. Ukusabalalisa kungase kufane noma cha, kuye ngokushintsha kwezinga lokushisa phakathi nenqubo yokupholisa yezinto. Izinhlanganisela ze-Intermetallic ngokuvamile zihlanganisa ingxubevange noma insimbi emsulwa ezungezwe enye insimbi emsulwa.
Ama-alloys asetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ezithile ngoba anezakhiwo ezithile ezingcono kunezakhi zensimbi ezimsulwa. Izibonelo zama-alloys zifaka insimbi, i-solder, ithusi, i-pewter, i-phosphor bronze, i-amalgam, nokunye okunjalo.
Ukwakheka kwe-alloy ngokuvamile kubalwa nge-mass ratio. Ama-alloys angahlukaniswa abe ama-alloys ashintshayo noma ama-alloys angama-interstitial ngokusho kokwakheka kwawo kwe-athomu, futhi angabuye ahlukaniswe abe izigaba ezilinganayo (isigaba esisodwa kuphela), izigaba ezingafani (isigaba esingaphezu kwesisodwa) kanye nezinhlanganisela ze-intermetallic (awukho umehluko osobala phakathi kwalokhu okubili. izigaba). imingcele). [2]
ukubuka konke
Ukwakheka kwama-alloys kuvame ukushintsha izakhiwo zezinto eziyisisekelo, isibonelo, amandla ensimbi makhulu kunalawo ento yawo eyinhloko, insimbi. Izinto ezibonakalayo zengxubevange, njengokuqina, ukusebenza kabusha, i-Young's modulus, ukuqhutshwa kukagesi kanye ne-thermal, kungase kufane nezakhi ze-alloy, kodwa amandla aqinile namandla okugunda we-alloy ngokuvamile ahlobene nezakhiwo ze-alloy. izakhi eziyisisekelo. ehluke kakhulu. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ukuhlelwa kwama-athomu ku-alloy kuhluke kakhulu kulokho entweni eyodwa. Isibonelo, indawo yokuncibilika ye-alloy iphansi kunephuzu lokuncibilika lezinsimbi ezakha ingxubevange ngenxa yokuthi i-athomu ye-athomu yezinsimbi ezihlukahlukene ihlukile, futhi kunzima ukwakha i-crystal lattice ezinzile.
Inani elincane lesici esithile lingase libe nethonya elikhulu kuzakhiwo ze-alloy. Isibonelo, ukungcola kuma-alloys e-ferromagnetic kungashintsha izakhiwo ze-alloy.
Ngokungafani nezinsimbi ezihlanzekile, ama-alloys amaningi awanayo indawo encibilikayo engaguquki. Uma izinga lokushisa lingaphakathi kwebanga lokushisa elincibilikayo, ingxube isesimweni sokuphilisana okuqinile noketshezi. Ngakho-ke, kungashiwo ukuthi indawo yokuncibilika ye-alloy iphansi kunaleyo yezinsimbi ezihlanganisiwe. Bheka ingxube ye-eutectic.
Phakathi kwama-alloys avamile, ithusi i-alloy yethusi ne-zinc; ithusi iyingxubevange yethayela nethusi, futhi ivame ukusetshenziswa emifanekisweni, emihlobiso, nasezinsimbini zesonto. Ama-alloys (njengama-nickel alloys) asetshenziswa ohlotsheni lwemali lwamazwe athile.
Ingxubevange iyisixazululo, njengensimbi, insimbi iyisincibilikisi, ikhabhoni iyi-solute.