I-alloy iyinhlanganisela yezinto ezimbili noma ngaphezulu zamakhemikhali (okungenani eyodwa yazo eyinsimbi) enezakhiwo zensimbi. Ngokuvamile itholakala ngokuxuba ingxenye ngayinye ibe uketshezi olufanayo bese ilufinyeza.
Ama-alloy angaba okungenani enye yezinhlobo ezintathu ezilandelayo: isisombululo esiqinile sesigaba esisodwa sezinto, ingxube yezigaba eziningi zensimbi, noma inhlanganisela yezinsimbi ephakathi kwensimbi. Isakhiwo esincane sama-alloy esixazululweni esiqinile sinesigaba esisodwa, kanti amanye ama-alloy esixazululweni anezigaba ezimbili noma ngaphezulu. Ukusatshalaliswa kungase kufane noma kungalingani, kuye ngokushintsha kwezinga lokushisa ngesikhathi senqubo yokupholisa kwezinto. Ama-compound e-intermetallic ngokuvamile aqukethe i-alloy noma insimbi emsulwa ezungezwe enye insimbi emsulwa.
Ama-alloy asetshenziswa kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ngoba anezakhiwo ezithile ezingcono kunezakhi zensimbi ezihlanzekile. Izibonelo zama-alloy zifaka insimbi, i-solder, ithusi, i-pewter, ithusi le-phosphor, i-amalgam, nokunye okunjalo.
Ukwakheka kwe-alloy ngokuvamile kubalwa ngesilinganiso sobuningi. Ama-alloy angahlukaniswa abe ama-substitution alloys noma ama-interstitial alloys ngokuya ngokwakheka kwawo kwe-athomu, futhi angahlukaniswa kabanzi abe yizigaba ezifanayo (isigaba esisodwa kuphela), izigaba ezingafani (isigaba esingaphezu kwesisodwa) kanye nama-intermetallic compounds (akukho mehluko osobala phakathi kwezigaba ezimbili). [2]
ukubuka konke
Ukwakheka kwama-alloy kuvame ukushintsha izakhiwo zezinto eziyisisekelo, isibonelo, amandla ensimbi makhulu kunezakhi zayo eziyinhloko, insimbi. Izakhiwo zomzimba ze-alloy, njengobuningi, ukusabela, i-modulus kaYoung, ukuqhuba kukagesi nokushisa, zingase zifane nezakhi eziyisisekelo ze-alloy, kodwa amandla okudonsa kanye namandla okusika kwe-alloy ngokuvamile kuhlobene nezakhiwo zezinto eziyisisekelo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ukuhlelwa kwama-athomu ku-alloy kuhluke kakhulu kulokho okusentweni eyodwa. Isibonelo, iphuzu lokuncibilika kwe-alloy liphansi kunephuzu lokuncibilika kwezinsimbi ezakha i-alloy ngoba i-athomu radii yezinsimbi ezahlukahlukene ihlukile, futhi kunzima ukwakha i-crystal lattice ezinzile.
Inani elincane lento ethile lingaba nethonya elikhulu ezimpahleni ze-alloy. Isibonelo, ukungcola kuma-alloy e-ferromagnetic kungashintsha izakhiwo ze-alloy.
Ngokungafani nezinsimbi ezimsulwa, ama-alloy amaningi awanayo indawo yokuncibilika engaguquki. Uma izinga lokushisa lingaphakathi kwebanga lokushisa lokuncibilika, ingxube isesimweni sokuhlala ndawonye okuqinile noketshezi. Ngakho-ke, kungashiwo ukuthi indawo yokuncibilika kwe-alloy iphansi kuneyezinsimbi eziyingxenye. Bheka ingxube ye-eutectic.
Phakathi kwezinhlobo ezivamile ze-alloy, ithusi liyingxube yethusi ne-zinc; ithusi liyingxube yethini nethusi, futhi livame ukusetshenziswa ezifanekisweni, emihlobiso, nasezinsimbini zesonto. Izinhlobo ze-alloy (ezifana ne-nickel alloys) zisetshenziswa emalini yamanye amazwe.
I-alloy iyisisombululo, njengensimbi, insimbi iyisinyibilikisi, ikhabhoni iyisinyibilikisi.