I-Aluminium iyinsimbi enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni futhi iyinto yesithathu evame kakhulu ehlanganisa i-8% yokuqothuka komhlaba. Ukuguquguquka okuhlukahlukene kwe-aluminium kwenza kube yinsimbi esetshenziswa kakhulu ngemuva kwensimbi.

Ukukhiqizwa kwe-aluminium

I-Aluminium itholakala kwi-bauxite yamaminerali. IBauxite iguqulwa ibe yi-aluminium oxide (i-alumina) ngenqubo yeBayer. I-alumina bese iguqulwa ibe yi-aluminium yensimbi isebenzisa amaseli we-electrolytic kanye nenqubo yehholo likaHeloult.

Ukufunwa konyaka kwe-aluminium

Isidingo somhlaba wonke se-aluminium singamathani ayizigidi ezingama-29 ngonyaka. Cishe amathani ayizigidi ezingama-22 yi-aluminium entsha namathani ayizigidi eziyisikhombisa asetshenziswa kabusha i-aluminium scrap. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-aluminium esetshenzisiwe kwezomnotho nangokomnotho. Kuthatha i-14,000 kWh ukukhiqiza i-1 Tonne ye-aluminium entsha. Ngakolunye uhlangothi kuthatha ama-5% kuphela alokhu ukuze asuse futhi avuselele ithoni elilodwa le-aluminium. Akukho mehluko ngekhwalithi phakathi kweVicturn and Recycled Aluminium Alloys.

Izicelo ze-aluminium

-NaluthoaluminiyamuIngabe ithambile, i-ductile, imelana nokugqwala futhi inokuphakelayo kukagesi okuphezulu. Isetshenziselwa kabanzi nge-foil kanye nezintambo zomqhubi, kepha ukugcwala nezinye izinto kuyadingeka ukuhlinzeka ngamandla aphezulu adingekayo kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza. I-Aluminium ingenye yezinsimbi zobunjiniyela ezikhanyayo, ukuba namandla esisindo isilinganiso esiphakeme kunensimbi.

Ngokusebenzisa inhlanganisela ehlukahlukene yezakhiwo ezizuzisayo njengamandla, ukukhanya, ukumelana nokugqwala, ukuqina kabusha kanye nokwakheka, i-aluminium isetshenziswa kwinani elikhulayo lezicelo. Lokhu kuhlu kwalolu mbumbulu kuvela ezintweni zokwakheka eziya ku-FAIT FACH FOIL.

Ukuqokwa kwe-Alloy

I-Aluminium ivame ukugcwala ngethusi, i-zinc, i-magnesium, i-silicon, i-manganese kanye ne-lithium. Ukungezwa okuncane kwe-chromium, titanium, zirconium, ukuhola, i-bismuth kanye ne-nickel nakho kwenziwa futhi i-iron ikhona njalo ngamanani amancane.

Kune-alloys engaphezu kuka-300 eyenziwe nge-50 ekusetshenzisweni okufanayo. Ngokuvamile kuhlonzwa uhlelo lwezitho ezine ezasungulwa e-USA futhi manje selumukelwe emhlabeni wonke. Ithebula 1 lichaza uhlelo lwama-alloys enziwe. Ama-Alloys anezinkomba ezifanayo futhi asebenzise uhlelo lwamadijithi amahlanu.

Ithebula 1.Ukuqokwa kwe-Aluminium Alloys esetshenzisiwe.

Nge-Aluminium alloys engavulelwanga eqokiwe engu-1xxx, amadijithi amabili okugcina amelela ubumsulwa bensimbi. Balingana namadijithi amabili okugcina ngemuva kwephuzu ledesimali lapho ubumsulwa be-aluminium buvezwa kumaphesenti angama-0.01 aseduze. Idijithi yesibili ikhombisa ukuguqulwa kwemikhawulo yokungcola. Uma idijithi lesibili lingu-zero, libonisa i-aluminium elingapheli ukuthi linemikhawulo yokungcola kwemvelo kanye no-1 kuye ku-9, khombisa ukungcola komuntu noma izinto ezengeziwe.

Okwe-2xxx kuya kumaqembu angu-8xxx, amadijithi amabili okugcina ahlonza ama-alloys ahlukene we-aluminium eqenjini. Idijithi yesibili ikhombisa ukuguqulwa kwe-alloy. Idijithi yesibili ye-zero ikhombisa i-alloy yasekuqaleni nenombolo 1 kuye ku-9 ikhombisa ukuguqulwa kwe-alloy elandelanayo.

Izakhiwo ezibonakalayo ze-aluminium

Ubuningi be-aluminium

I-Aluminium ine-density ezungeze ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu leyo yensimbi noma yethusi okwenza kube enye yezinsimbi ezikhanyayo zentengiso. Umphumela wamandla aphezulu wokulinganisa isisindo wenza kube yinto ebalulekile yesakhiwo esivumela ukukhokhelwa okwengeziwe noma ukonga uphethiloli wezimboni zokuhamba ikakhulukazi.

Amandla we-aluminium

I-aluminium emsulwa ayinawo amandla aphezulu aphezulu. Kodwa-ke, ukungezwa kwezinto ezenziwayo ezifana neManganese, iSilicon, ithusi kanye ne-magnesium kungakhuphula izindawo ezinamandla ze-aluminium futhi zikhiqize i-alloy enezakhiwo ezihambisana nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezithile.

Aluminiyamuilungele kahle ezindaweni ezibandayo. Inenzuzo ngenhloso yokuthi 'amandla ayo ashukumisayo akhuphuka ngokuncipha kokushisa ngenkathi egcina ubulukhuni bayo. Insimbi ngakolunye uhlangothi iba yi-brittle emazingeni okushisa aphansi.

Ukuphikiswa kokugqwala kwe-aluminium

Lapho kuvezwa umoya, ungqimba lwamafomu we-aluminium axide cishe ngaso leso sikhathi ngaphezulu kwe-aluminium. Lesi sendlalelo sinokumelana okuhle kakhulu kokugqwala. Kumelana kahle nama-acid amaningi kepha amelana ne-alkalis.

Ukuvuselelwa kwe-aluminium

Ukuvuselelwa okushisayo kwe-aluminium cishe kukhulu kathathu kunensimbi. Lokhu kwenza i-aluminium ibe yinto ebalulekile kuzo zombili izinhlelo zokusebenza zokupholisa nokushisa ezifana nabashiseli bokushisa. Kuhlanganiswe ne-UNG-anobuthi Le ndawo kusho ukuthi i-aluminium isetshenziswa kakhulu ekuphekeni kwezitsha nasekhishini.

Ukusebenza kukagesi kwe-aluminium

Kanye ne-Copper, i-aluminium inokuphamba kukagesi okuphezulu ngokwanele ukusetshenziswa njengomqhubi kagesi. Yize ukuthuthuka kwe-alloy evame ukusetshenziswa (1350) kungamamitha ayi-62 kuphela ethusi eliveziwe, kungukuphela kwesithathu isisindo futhi ngakho-ke kungaqhuba ugesi ophindwe kabili uma kuqhathaniswa nethusi lesisindo esifanayo.

Ukuthembela kwe-aluminium

Kusuka ku-UV kuya ku-infra-red, i-aluminium iyisibonakaliso esihle kakhulu samandla akhanyayo. Ukukhanya okubonakalayo kokukhanya okungama-80% kusho ukuthi kusetshenziswa kabanzi ekuhlelweni kokukhanya. Izakhiwo ezifanayo zokuthengwa kwezibani zenzaaluminiyamuKuhle njengokuqukethwe okufaka ukuvikela imisebe yelanga ehlobo, kuyilapho kufakwa ekulahlekelweni kokushisa ebusika.

Ithebula 2.Izakhiwo ze-aluminium.

Izakhiwo zemishini ze-aluminium

I-aluminium ingakhubazeka kakhulu ngaphandle kokwehluleka. Lokhu kuvumela i-aluminium ukuthi yakhelwe ngokugoqa, ukukhiphela, ukudweba, ukucubungula kanye nezinye izinqubo zemishini. Ingaphonswa futhi ekubekezelelekeni okuphezulu.

I-Alloying, Ukusebenza Okubandayo kanye nokwelapha ukushisa konke kungasetshenziswa ukuze kuvumelaniswe nezakhiwo ze-aluminium.

Amandla axegayo we-aluminium emsulwa azungeze ama-90 MPA kodwa lokhu kungandiswa kufinyelela ngaphezu kwama-690 MPA ukuthola amanye ama-alloys angenakushisa.

Amazinga we-Aluminium

I-BS1470 ejwayelekile ye-BS1470 ifakwe esikhundleni samazinga ayisishiyagalolunye en. Izindinganiso ze-EN zinikezwe etafuleni 4.

Ithebula 4.En syrds for aluminium

Izindinganiso ze-EN ziyahlukahluka ezikhundleni ezindala, BS1470 kulezi zindawo ezilandelayo:

• Izingoma zamakhemikhali - ezingashintshiwe.
• Uhlelo lokufaka izinombolo lwe-alloy - alushintshiwe.
• Ukuqokwa kwentukuthelo yama-alloys aphekayo okushisa manje amboza ububanzi obubanzi bezimpesheni ezikhethekile. Kuze kube ngamadijithi amane ngemuva kokuthi kunikezwe izinhlelo ezingezona ezengeziwe (isib. T6151).
• Ukuqokwa kwentukuthelo kwama-alloys angenakushibilika - ama-tempers akhona awashintshiwe kodwa asutha manje achazwa ngokufanele ngokwemigomo yokuthi adalwa kanjani. I-Soft (O) Intukuthelo manje sekwethulwe i-H111 kanye ne-H112 ephakathi ne-H112. Kwama-Alloy 5251 Hemplers manje aboniswa njenge-H32 / H34 / H36 / H38 (okulingana ne-H22 / H24, njll.). I-H19 / H22 & H24 manje isiboniswa ngokwahlukana.
• Izakhiwo zemishini - zihlala zifana nezibalo ezedlule. I-0.2% ingcindezi yobufakazi kumele manje icashunwe kwizitifiketi zokuhlola.
• Ukubekezelela kuqiniswe ngama-degree ahlukahlukene.
  

  Ukwelashwa kokushisa kwe-aluminium

  Uhla lwezindlela zokushisa lungasetshenziswa kuma-aluminium alloys:

  • I-Homogenisation - ukususwa kokwehlukaniswa ngokushisa ngemuva kokuphonsa.
  • I-Anneling - isetshenziswe ngemuva kokusebenza kwabakhulayo ukunciphisa ama-alloys aqine umsebenzi (1xxx, 3xxx no-5xxx).
  • I-Peipitation noma i-Age Harding (Alloys 2xxx, i-6xxx ne-7xxx).
  • Isixazululo ukwelashwa okushisa ngaphambi kokuguga kwe-alloys yezulu.
  • Ukuthunga Ukuvulwa Kwezimbobo
  • Ngemuva kokushiswa kokushisa isijobelelo sengezwe ezinombolweni zokuqokwa.
  • Izinsizakalo ze-F zisho "njengezikwenziwe".
  • O Kusho ukuthi "imikhiqizo eyenziwe yangenisa".
  • T kusho ukuthi "kuphathwe ukushisa".
  • Isho ukuthi okuqukethwe kube nokushisa okushisayo kuphathwe.
  • H ubhekisa kuma-alloys angenakushibilika wokushisa athi "abakhuthele abasebenza" noma "ubunzima buqine".
  • Ama-alloys angenakushiyela anawo anawo asemaqenjini angama-3xxxx, ama-5xxx nama-5xxx.