I-Aluminium iyinsimbi eningi kakhulu emhlabeni futhi iyisakhi sesithathu esivame kakhulu esakha u-8% woqweqwe lomhlaba. Ukuguquguquka kwe-aluminium kwenza ibe yinsimbi esetshenziswa kakhulu ngemuva kwensimbi.
Ukukhiqizwa kwe-Aluminium
I-Aluminium itholakala ku-bauxite yamaminerali. I-Bauxite iguqulwa ibe yi-aluminium oxide (alumina) nge-Bayer Process. I-alumina ibe isiguqulwa ibe yinsimbi ye-aluminium kusetshenziswa amaseli e-electrolytic kanye ne-Hall-Heroult Process.
Isidingo Saminyaka Yonke Se-Aluminiyamu
Isidingo se-aluminium emhlabeni wonke singamathani ayizigidi ezingu-29 ngonyaka. Cishe amathani ayizigidi ezingu-22 yi-aluminium entsha kanti amathani ayizigidi ezingu-7 yizicucu ze-aluminium ezisetshenzisiwe. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-aluminium esetshenzisiwe kuyakhanga ngokwezomnotho nangokwemvelo. Kuthatha ama-kWh angu-14,000 ukukhiqiza ithani elilodwa le-aluminium entsha. Ngakolunye uhlangothi kuthatha ama-5% kuphela alokhu ukuncibilikisa nokuvuselela ithani elilodwa le-aluminium. Akukho mehluko ekhwalithini phakathi kwe-alloy ye-aluminium engeyona eyemvelo neyasetshenziswa kabusha.
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-Aluminium
Okumsulwai-aluminiumithambile, ithambile, imelana nokugqwala futhi inomoya wokudlulisa ugesi ophezulu. Isetshenziswa kabanzi kumakhebula e-foil kanye nama-conductor, kodwa ukuhlanganiswa nezinye izinto kuyadingeka ukuze kunikezwe amandla aphezulu adingekayo kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza. I-Aluminium ingenye yezinsimbi zobunjiniyela ezilula kakhulu, enesilinganiso samandla nesisindo esingcono kunensimbi.
Ngokusebenzisa inhlanganisela ehlukahlukene yezakhiwo zayo ezizuzisayo njengokuqina, ukukhanya, ukumelana nokugqwala, ukuphindeka kabusha kanye nokwakheka, i-aluminium isetshenziswa ezinhlotsheni eziningi zezicelo. Lolu hlu lwemikhiqizo lusukela ezintweni zokwakha kuya kuma-foil amancane okupakisha.
Izakhiwo ze-Alloy
I-Aluminium ivame ukuhlanganiswa nethusi, i-zinc, i-magnesium, i-silicon, i-manganese kanye ne-lithium. Kwenziwa nezithako ezincane ze-chromium, i-titanium, i-zirconium, i-lead, i-bismuth kanye ne-nickel futhi insimbi ihlala ikhona ngobuningi obuncane.
Kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-300 ze-alloy ezenziwe ngobumba kanti ezingama-50 zisetshenziswa njalo. Ngokuvamile zibonakala ngohlelo lwezibalo ezine olwaqala e-USA futhi manje selwamukelwa kabanzi. Ithebula 1 lichaza uhlelo lwezinhlobo ze-alloy ezenziwe ngobumba. Izinhlobo ze-alloy ezenziwe ngobumba zinezimpawu ezifanayo futhi zisebenzisa uhlelo lwezinombolo ezinhlanu.
Ithebula 1.Izimpawu ze-alloys ze-aluminium ezenziwe ngensimbi.
| I-Alloying Element | Okubunjiwe |
|---|---|
| Akukho (99%+ i-Aluminium) | 1XXX |
| Ithusi | 2XXX |
| I-Manganese | 3XXX |
| I-Silicon | 4XXX |
| I-Magnesium | 5XXX |
| I-Magnesium + i-Silicon | 6XXX |
| I-Zinc | 7XXX |
| I-Lithium | 8XXX |
Kuma-alloy e-aluminium ahlanganisiwe angaxutshwanga aqokwe njengo-1XXX, izinombolo ezimbili zokugcina zimelela ubumsulwa bensimbi. Zilingana nezinombolo ezimbili zokugcina ngemuva kwephuzu ledesimali lapho ubumsulwa be-aluminium buvezwa kumaphesenti angu-0.01 aseduze. Inombolo yesibili ikhombisa izinguquko emikhawulweni yokungcola. Uma inombolo yesibili ingu-zero, ikhombisa i-aluminium engaxutshwanga enemikhawulo yokungcola kwemvelo kanye no-1 kuya ku-9, ikhombisa ukungcola komuntu ngamunye noma izinto zokuhlanganisa.
Kumaqembu angu-2XXX kuya ku-8XXX, izinombolo ezimbili zokugcina zikhomba izinhlobo ezahlukene ze-aluminium alloys eqenjini. Inombolo yesibili ikhombisa ukuguqulwa kwe-alloy. Inombolo yesibili engu-zero ikhombisa i-alloy yokuqala kanti izinombolo eziphelele ezisukela ku-1 kuya ku-9 zikhombisa ukuguqulwa kwe-alloy okulandelanayo.
Izakhiwo Ezibonakalayo Ze-Aluminium
Ubuningi be-Aluminium
I-Aluminium inobuningi obucishe bube yingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu kunensimbi noma ithusi okwenza ibe ngenye yezinsimbi ezilula kakhulu ezitholakala kwezentengiselwano. Isilinganiso samandla aphezulu nesisindo esiphumelayo senza kube yinto ebalulekile yokwakha evumela ukwanda kwemithwalo noma ukonga uphethiloli ikakhulukazi ezimbonini zezokuthutha.
Amandla e-Aluminium
I-aluminium emsulwa ayinawo amandla aphezulu okubamba. Kodwa-ke, ukungezwa kwezinto ezixubayo njenge-manganese, i-silicon, ithusi kanye ne-magnesium kungandisa amandla e-aluminium futhi kukhiqize i-alloy enezakhiwo ezenzelwe ukusetshenziswa okuthile.
I-Aluminiyamuifaneleka kahle ezindaweni ezibandayo. Inenzuzo kunensimbi ngoba amandla ayo okubamba ayanda ngokuncipha kwezinga lokushisa ngenkathi igcina ukuqina kwayo. Insimbi ngakolunye uhlangothi iba buthakathaka emazingeni okushisa aphansi.
Ukumelana Nokugqwala kwe-Aluminium
Uma ivulwa emoyeni, ungqimba lwe-aluminium oxide lwakha cishe ngokushesha phezu kwe-aluminium. Lolu ngqimba lunokumelana okuhle kakhulu nokugqwala. Lumelana nama-asidi amaningi kodwa alumelani nama-alkali.
Ukushisa kwe-Aluminium
Ukushisa kwe-aluminium kukhulu ngokuphindwe kathathu kunensimbi. Lokhu kwenza i-aluminium ibe yinto ebalulekile kokubili ekupholiseni nasekufudumaleni njengezinto zokushintshanisa ukushisa. Uma ihlanganiswe nokungabi nobuthi, lokhu kusho ukuthi i-aluminium isetshenziswa kakhulu ezitsheni zokupheka nasezintweni zasekhishini.
Ukuqhuba kukagesi kwe-Aluminium
Kanye nethusi, i-aluminium inomthamo kagesi ophakeme ngokwanele ukuthi isetshenziswe njengomqhubi kagesi. Nakuba umthamo womthamo we-alloy evame ukusetshenziswa (1350) ungama-62% kuphela ethusi elifakwe emanzini, uyisisindo esisodwa kwezintathu kuphela futhi ngenxa yalokho ungaphatha ugesi ophindwe kabili uma uqhathaniswa nowethusi onesisindo esifanayo.
Ukubonakaliswa kwe-Aluminium
Kusukela ku-UV kuya ku-infra-red, i-aluminium iyisibonakaliso esihle kakhulu samandla akhanyayo. Ukukhanya okubonakalayo okucishe kube ngu-80% kusho ukuthi isetshenziswa kabanzi ezibanini. Izakhiwo ezifanayo zokukhanya zenzai-aluminiumifaneleka kakhulu njengento yokuvikela emisebeni yelanga ehlobo, kuyilapho ivikela ekulahlekelweni ukushisa ebusika.
Ithebula 2.Izakhiwo ze-aluminium.
| Impahla | Inani |
|---|---|
| Inombolo ye-Athomu | 13 |
| Isisindo se-Athomu (g/mol) | 26.98 |
| I-Valency | 3 |
| Isakhiwo sekristalu | I-FCC |
| Indawo Yokuncibilika (°C) | 660.2 |
| Indawo Yokubila (°C) | 2480 |
| Ukushisa Okuqondile Okumaphakathi (0-100°C) (cal/g.°C) | 0.219 |
| Ukushisa (0-100°C) (cal/cms. °C) | 0.57 |
| Ukwanda Okuqondile Ngokusebenza Kahle (0-100°C) (x10-6/°C) | 23.5 |
| Ukumelana kukagesi ku-20°C (Ω.cm) | 2.69 |
| Ubuningi (g/cm3) | 2.6898 |
| I-Modulus of Elasticity (GPa) | 68.3 |
| Isilinganiso se-Poissons | 0.34 |
Izakhiwo Zemishini ze-Aluminium
I-Aluminium ingakhubazeka kakhulu ngaphandle kokwehluleka. Lokhu kuvumela i-aluminium ukuthi yakheke ngokugoqa, ukukhipha, ukudweba, ukukhanda kanye nezinye izinqubo zemishini. Ingaphonswa futhi ngendlela ebekezelelayo kakhulu.
Ukuhlanganisa, ukusebenza ngokubandayo kanye nokwelapha ukushisa konke kungasetshenziswa ukuze kuhambisane nezakhiwo ze-aluminium.
Amandla okuthamba e-aluminium emsulwa angaba ngu-90 MPa kodwa lokhu kungandiswa kube ngaphezu kuka-690 MPa kwezinye izinhlobo ze-alloy eziphathwa ngokushisa.
Izindinganiso ze-Aluminiyamu
Indinganiso endala ye-BS1470 ithathelwe indawo yizindinganiso eziyisishiyagalolunye ze-EN. Izindinganiso ze-EN zinikezwe kuthebula 4.
Ithebula 4.Izindinganiso ze-EN ze-aluminium
| Okujwayelekile | Ububanzi |
|---|---|
| I-EN485-1 | Izimo zobuchwepheshe zokuhlolwa nokulethwa |
| I-EN485-2 | Izakhiwo zemishini |
| I-EN485-3 | Ukubekezelelana kwezinto ezigoqiwe ezishisayo |
| I-EN485-4 | Ukubekezelela izinto ezigoqiwe ezibandayo |
| EN515 | Izimpawu zobuntu |
| EN573-1 | Uhlelo lokuqokwa kwe-alloy yezinombolo |
| EN573-2 | Uhlelo lokubonisa izimpawu zamakhemikhali |
| EN573-3 | Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali |
| EN573-4 | Izinhlobo zomkhiqizo ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene |
Izindinganiso ze-EN zihlukile kwezindinganiso ezindala, i-BS1470 kulezi zindawo ezilandelayo:
- Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali - okungashintshiwe.
- Uhlelo lokufaka izinombolo ze-alloy - alushintshanga.
- Izimpawu ze-Temper zama-alloy alaphekayo okushisa manje zimboza ububanzi obubanzi be-tempers ezikhethekile. Kuze kube yizinombolo ezine ngemuva kwe-T ezifakwe kwizicelo ezingezona ezejwayelekile (isb. T6151).
- Izimpawu ze-Temper zama-alloy angelapheki ngokushisa - izimo zokushisa ezikhona azikashintshi kodwa izimo zokushisa manje sezichazwe kabanzi ngokwendlela ezidalwe ngayo. Isimo sokushisa esithambile (O) manje sesiyi-H111 futhi isimo sokushisa esiphakathi sesethulwe i-H112. Kwi-alloy, izimo zokushisa ezingama-5251 manje ziboniswa njenge-H32/H34/H36/H38 (ezilingana ne-H22/H24, njll.). I-H19/H22 kanye ne-H24 manje ziboniswa ngokwehlukana.
- Izakhiwo zemishini - zisafana nezibalo zangaphambilini. Ubufakazi obungu-0.2% Ukucindezeleka kufanele kucashunwe ezitifiketini zokuhlola.
- Ukubekezelelana kuye kwaqiniswa ngamazinga ahlukahlukene.
Ukwelashwa Kokushisa Kwe-Aluminium
Uhlu lwezindlela zokwelashwa ngokushisa lungasetshenziswa kuma-aluminium alloys:
- Ukuhlanganiswa kwezinto – ukususwa kokuhlukaniswa ngokushisa ngemva kokuphonswa.
- Ukuhlanganisa – kusetshenziswa ngemva kokusebenza okubandayo ukuze kuthambe ama-alloy okuqinisa umsebenzi (1XXX, 3XXX kanye no-5XXX).
- Ukuna noma ukuqina kokuguga (ama-alloy angu-2XXX, 6XXX kanye no-7XXX).
- Ukwelashwa ngokushisa kwesixazululo ngaphambi kokuguga kwama-alloy okuqinisa imvula.
- Isitofu sokulungisa ukumbozwa
- Ngemva kokwelashwa ngokushisa, isijobelelo siyanezelwa ezinombolweni zokuqokwa.
- Isijobelelo u-F sisho ukuthi “njengoba senziwe”.
- U-O usho ukuthi “imikhiqizo eyenziwe ngobumba”.
- U-T usho ukuthi “iphathwe ngokushisa”.
- U-W usho ukuthi into esetshenzisiwe iphathwe ngokushisa.
- I-H ibhekisela kuma-alloy angelapheki ngokushisa “asebenza ngokubandayo” noma “aqiniswe ukucindezeleka”.
- Ama-alloy angalapheki ngokushisa yilawo asemaqenjini angu-3XXX, 4XXX kanye no-5XXX.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Juni-16-2021
