I-Aluminium iyinsimbi egcwele kakhulu emhlabeni futhi iyisici sesithathu esivame kakhulu esihlanganisa u-8% woqweqwe lomhlaba.Ukuhlukahluka kwe-aluminium kuyenza ibe yinsimbi esetshenziswa kakhulu ngemuva kwensimbi.
Ukukhiqizwa kwe-Aluminium
I-aluminium itholakala ku-mineral bauxite.I-Bauxite iguqulwa ibe yi-aluminium oxide (i-alumina) nge-Bayer Process.I-alumina bese iguqulelwa ku-aluminium yensimbi kusetshenziswa amaseli e-electrolytic kanye ne-Hall-Heroult Process.
Isidingo Sonyaka Se-Aluminium
Isidingo se-aluminium emhlabeni wonke sicishe sibe ngamathani ayizigidi ezingama-29 ngonyaka.Cishe amathani ayizigidi ezingu-22 ayi-aluminiyamu entsha futhi amathani ayizigidi ezingu-7 yizicucu ze-aluminiyamu ezigaywe kabusha.Ukusetshenziswa kwe-aluminiyamu egaywe kabusha kuyaphoqa ngokwezomnotho nakwezemvelo.Kudingeka u-14,000 kWh ukukhiqiza ithani elilodwa le-aluminium entsha.Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuthatha u-5% kuphela walokhu ukulungisa kabusha nokugaywa kabusha kwethani elilodwa le-aluminium.Awukho umehluko ngekhwalithi phakathi kwama-alloys e-aluminium enziwe kabusha.
Izicelo ze-Aluminium
Okumsulwai-aluminiumithambile, i-ductile, imelana nokugqwala futhi ine-conductivity ephezulu kagesi.Isetshenziselwa kakhulu izintambo ze-foil kanye ne-conductor, kodwa i-alloying nezinye izakhi kuyadingeka ukuze unikeze amandla aphezulu adingekayo kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza.I-Aluminium ingenye yezinsimbi zobunjiniyela ezilula kakhulu, enamandla nesilinganiso sesisindo esidlula insimbi.
Ngokusebenzisa inhlanganisela ehlukahlukene yezakhiwo zayo ezinenzuzo njengamandla, ukukhanya, ukumelana nokugqwala, ukugaywa kabusha kanye nokwakheka, i-aluminium isetshenziswa enanini elikhula njalo lezinhlelo zokusebenza.Lolu hlu lwemikhiqizo lusukela ezintweni zesakhiwo kuye kumafoil okupakisha amancane.
Izimpawu ze-alloy
I-aluminium ivame ukuxutshwa nethusi, i-zinc, i-magnesium, i-silicon, i-manganese ne-lithium.Izithako ezincane ze-chromium, i-titanium, i-zirconium, i-lead, i-bismuth ne-nickel nazo zenziwe futhi i-iron ihlala ikhona ngamanani amancane.
Kunama-alloys akhiwe angaphezu kuka-300 nama-50 asetshenziswayo okuvamile.Zivamise ukuhlonzwa ngohlelo lwezibalo ezine olwaqala e-USA futhi manje selwamukelwe emhlabeni wonke.Ithebula 1 lichaza isistimu yama-alloys akhiwe.Ama-cast alloy anezimpawu ezifanayo futhi asebenzisa isistimu yamadijithi amahlanu.
Ithebula 1.Izifanekiso zama-alloys enziwe nge-aluminium.
| I-Alloying Element | Kwenziwe |
|---|---|
| Lutho (99%+ Aluminium) | 1XXX |
| Ithusi | 2XXX |
| IManganese | 3XXX |
| I-silicon | 4XXX |
| Magnesium | 5XXX |
| I-Magnesium + Silicon | 6XXX |
| Zinc | 7XXX |
| I-Lithium | 8XXX |
Kumaalloyi e-aluminium enziwe angaxutshiwe aqokwe u-1XXX, amadijithi amabili okugcina amelela ubumsulwa bensimbi.Zilingana namadijithi amabili okugcina ngemva kwephoyinti ledesimali lapho ubumsulwa be-aluminium buvezwa kumaphesenti angu-0.01 aseduze.Idijithi yesibili ibonisa ukuguqulwa kwemikhawulo yokungcola.Uma idijithi yesibili inguziro, ikhombisa i-aluminium engaxutshiwe enemikhawulo yokungcola kwemvelo futhi 1 kuya ku-9, ikhombisa ukungcola ngakunye noma izakhi zengxubevange.
Emaqenjini angu-2XXX kuya kwangu-8XXX, amadijithi amabili okugcina akhomba ama-alloys ahlukene e-aluminium eqenjini.Idijithi yesibili ibonisa ukuguqulwa kwe-alloy.Idijithi yesibili kaziro ikhombisa ingxubevange yokuqala kanti izinombolo eziphelele 1 kuya ku-9 zibonisa ukuguqulwa kwengxubevange elandelanayo.
Izinto Zomzimba Ze-Aluminium
Ukuminyana kwe-Aluminium
I-Aluminium inokuminyana cishe kokukodwa kokuthathu okwensimbi noma ithusi okuyenza ibe enye yezinsimbi ezitholakala kalula ezithengiswayo.Umphumela wamandla aphezulu kuya esisindweni uwenza into ebalulekile yesakhiwo evumela ukukhushulwa kwemithwalo noma ukonga uphethiloli ezimbonini zezokuthutha ikakhulukazi.
Amandla e-Aluminium
I-aluminium ehlanzekile ayinawo amandla aphezulu okudonsa.Kodwa-ke, ukwengezwa kwezakhi ze-alloying njenge-manganese, i-silicon, ithusi ne-magnesium kungakhuphula izakhiwo zamandla e-aluminium futhi kukhiqize i-alloy enezakhiwo eziklanyelwe izinhlelo zokusebenza ezithile.
I-Aluminiumifaneleka kahle ezindaweni ezibandayo.Inenzuzo kunensimbi ngokuthi 'amandla ayo aqinile akhuphuka ngokuncipha kwezinga lokushisa ngenkathi igcina ukuqina kwayo.Ngakolunye uhlangothi insimbi iba brittle emazingeni okushisa aphansi.
I-Corrosion Resistance ye-Aluminium
Lapho sivezwa emoyeni, ungqimba lwe-aluminium oxide lwakha cishe ngaso leso sikhathi ebusweni be-aluminium.Lesi singqimba sinokumelana okuhle kakhulu nokugqwala.Iyakwazi ukumelana nama-asidi amaningi kodwa imelana kancane nama-alkali.
I-Thermal Conductivity ye-Aluminium
I-thermal conductivity ye-aluminium cishe inkulu ngokuphindwe kathathu kuneyensimbi.Lokhu kwenza i-aluminiyamu ibe yinto ebalulekile kukho kokubili ukupholisa nokushisisa izinhlelo zokusebenza ezifana nezishintshisi zokushisa.Uma kuhlanganiswe nokuthi ayinabo ubuthi lesi sakhiwo kusho ukuthi i-aluminium isetshenziswa kakhulu ezitsheni zokupheka nasezintweni zasekhishini.
I-Electric Conductivity ye-Aluminium
Kanye nethusi, i-aluminium ine-conductivity kagesi ephakeme ngokwanele ukuze isetshenziswe njenge-conductor kagesi.Nakuba i-conductivity ye-alloy conducting alloy evame ukusetshenziswa (1350) izungeze u-62% kuphela wethusi efakwe emanzini, iyingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu kuphela yesisindo ngakho-ke ingaqhuba ugesi omningi ngokuphindwe kabili uma iqhathaniswa nethusi lesisindo esifanayo.
I-Reflectivity ye-Aluminium
Kusukela ku-UV kuya ku-infra-red, i-aluminium iwukubonisa okuhle kakhulu kwamandla akhazimulayo.Ukukhanya okukhanyayo okubonakalayo okungama-80% kusho ukuthi kusetshenziswa kakhulu ezintweni ezikhanyayo.Izakhiwo ezifanayo of reflectivity kwenzai-aluminiumikahle njengento evikelayo ukuze ivikeleke emisebeni yelanga ehlobo, kuyilapho ivikela ukulahlekelwa ukushisa ebusika.
Ithebula 2.Izakhiwo ze-aluminium.
| Impahla | Inani |
|---|---|
| Inombolo Ye-athomu | 13 |
| Isisindo se-athomu (g/mol) | 26.98 |
| Valency | 3 |
| Isakhiwo Sekristalu | FCC |
| I-Melting Point (°C) | 660.2 |
| Indawo yokubilisa (°C) | 2480 |
| Ukushisa Okuthize Okuqondile (0-100°C) (cal/g.°C) | 0.219 |
| I-Thermal Conductivity (0-100°C) (cal/cms. °C) | 0.57 |
| I-Co-efficient of Linear Expansion (0-100°C) (x10-6/°C) | 23.5 |
| Ukumelana Nogesi kokuthi 20°C (Ω.cm) | 2.69 |
| Ukuminyana (g/cm3) | 2.6898 |
| I-Modulus of Elasticity (GPa) | 68.3 |
| Poissons Isilinganiso | 0.34 |
Mechanical Properties of Aluminium
I-aluminium ingakhubazeka kakhulu ngaphandle kokwehluleka.Lokhu kuvumela i-aluminium ukuthi yakheke ngokugingqika, ukukhipha, ukudweba, ukwenza imishini nezinye izinqubo zemishini.Kungabuye kuphonswe ekubekezeleleni okuphezulu.
I-alloying, ukusebenza okubandayo kanye nokwelapha ukushisa konke kungasetshenziswa ukulungisa izakhiwo ze-aluminium.
Amandla aqinile e-aluminium emsulwa acishe abe ngu-90 MPa kodwa lokhu kunganyuswa kube ngaphezu kuka-690 MPa kwamanye ama-alloys alapheka ngokushisa.
Amazinga Aluminium
Izinga elidala le-BS1470 lithathelwe indawo amazinga ayisishiyagalolunye e-EN.Amazinga we-EN anikezwe kuthebula 4.
Ithebula 4.Izindinganiso ze-EN ze-aluminium
| Okujwayelekile | Ububanzi |
|---|---|
| EN485-1 | Izimo zobuchwepheshe zokuhlolwa nokulethwa |
| EN485-2 | Izakhiwo zemishini |
| EN485-3 | Ukubekezelela izinto ezishisayo ezigoqiwe |
| EN485-4 | Ukubekezelela izinto ezibandayo ezigoqiwe |
| EN515 | Izimpawu zokushisa |
| EN573-1 | Uhlelo lwezinombolo ze-alloy designation |
| EN573-2 | Isistimu yokuqokwa kwezimpawu zamakhemikhali |
| EN573-3 | Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali |
| EN573-4 | Amafomu omkhiqizo ngama-alloys ahlukene |
Amazinga we-EN ahlukile kwakudala, i-BS1470 kulezi zindawo ezilandelayo:
- Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali - akushintshile.
- Isistimu yezinombolo ze-alloy - ayishintshile.
- Izilinganiso zokushisa zama-alloys alaphekayo manje sezimboza ububanzi obubanzi bentukuthelo ekhethekile.Kufika kumadijithi amane ngemuva kokuthi i-T yethuliwe ezinhlelweni ezingajwayelekile (isb. T6151).
- Izilinganiso zolaka zama-alloy angalapheki - ulaka olukhona alushintshile kodwa intukuthelo manje isichazwe kabanzi mayelana nendlela edalwa ngayo.Ukufutheka okuthambile (O) manje sekuyi-H111 futhi i-intermediate temper H112 yethuliwe.Ku-alloy 5251 tempers manje kuboniswa njenge-H32/H34/H36/H38 (ilingana ne-H22/H24, njll).I-H19/H22 ne-H24 manje isikhonjiswe ngokwehlukana.
- Izakhiwo zemishini - zihlala zifana nezibalo zangaphambilini.U-0.2% Wokucindezelwa Kobufakazi manje kufanele ucashunwe ezitifiketini zokuhlolwa.
- Ukubekezelelana kuye kwaqiniswa ngamazinga ahlukahlukene.
Ukwelashwa Kokushisa Kwe-Aluminium
Izinhlobonhlobo zokwelapha ukushisa zingasetshenziswa kuma-alloys e-aluminium:
- I-Homogenisation - ukususwa kokuhlukaniswa ngokushisa ngemva kokusakazwa.
- I-Annealing – esetshenziswa ngemva kokusebenza okubandayo ukuze kuthambise ama-alloys aqinisa umsebenzi (1XXX, 3XXX kanye no-5XXX).
- Imvula noma ukuqina kweminyaka (amaalloyi angu-2XXX, 6XXX ne-7XXX).
- Ukwelashwa kokushisa kwesixazululo ngaphambi kokuguga kwama-alloys aqinisa imvula.
- Ukushisa ukuze kulungiswe ama-coatings
- Ngemva kokwelashwa kokushisa isijobelelo siyengezwa ezinombolweni zokuqokwa.
- Isijobelelo F sisho “njengokuklanyiwe”.
- O kusho "imikhiqizo ehlanganisiwe ehlanganisiwe".
- I-T isho ukuthi "yelashwe ngokushisa".
- U-W usho ukuthi okokusebenza kuphathwe ngesixazululo ukushisa.
- U-H ubhekisela kuma-alloys angalapheki “abanda” noma “aqinile”.
- Ama-alloy angalapheki ngokushisa yilawo akumaqembu angu-3XXX, 4XXX kanye no-5XXX.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jun-16-2021