Ukunikeza imithombo esimeme kagesi kungenye yezinselelo ezibaluleke kakhulu zaleli khulu leminyaka. Izindawo zokucwaninga ngezinto zokuvunwa kwamandla ezivela kulesi sikhuthazo, kufaka phakathi i-thermoelectric1, i-Photovoltaic2 ne-thermophotovoltaics3. Yize sintula izinto namadivaysi akwazi ukuvuna amandla e-Joule Range, izinto ze-Pyroelectric ezingaguqula amandla kagesi ezinguquko zokushisa kwezikhathi ezithile zibhekwa njengezinzwa4 kanye namandla okuvuna ama-senness4 kanye namandla. Lapha sithuthukise ukuvuma kwamandla we-macroscopic thermal ngesimo se-capacitor ye-multilayer eyenziwe ngamagremu angama-42 e-Holy Scandium Tantalate, ekhiqiza i-11.2 j yamandla kagesi ngakunye umjikelezo we-thermodynamic. Imodyuli ngayinye ye-pyroelectric ingakhiqiza amandla kagesi amandla afinyelela ku-4.43 J CM-3 ngomjikelezo ngamunye. Sibonisa nokuthi amamojula amabili anjalo anesisindo esingu-0.3 g anele ukuqhubeka ngokuvuma kwamandla ezizimele ezizimele ngama-microcontroller ashumekiwe kanye nezinzwa zokushisa. Ekugcineni, sikhombisa ukuthi ngobubanzi bokushisa obungu-10 k, la ma-capacitors we-multilayer angafinyelela ukusebenza kahle kwezimoto ezingama-40%. Lezi zakhiwo zibangelwa (1) Ukushintshwa kwesigaba se-Ferroeelectric kusebenze kahle, (2) Ukuvuza okuphansi kwangaphandle ukuvimbela ukulahleka, kanye (3) nomoya ophakeme wokuqhekeka. Lawa ma-macroscopic, abavuna bamandla obunamandla obuhle futhi asebenza kahle bavuna ubuyisela amandla we-thermoelectric amandla.
Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-starient yendawo yokushisa edingekayo yezinto zokwenziwa kwama-thermoelectric, ukuvuna kwamandla kwezinto zokwenziwa kwe-thermoelectric zidinga ukuhamba ngemva kwesikhathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Lokhu kusho umjikelezo we-thermodynamic, ochazwe kahle kakhulu yi-Entropy (s) -Temperature (T). Umdwebo we-1A ukhombisa i-st yesakhiwo esijwayelekile se-pyroelectric (NLP) ehlukile ekhombisa ukuguqulwa kwesigaba se-ferroelectric eqhutshwa ngendiza eScandium eholile i-Scandium Holy Tantalate (PST). Izingxenye eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka neziluhlaza zomjikelezo kumdwebo we-ST zihambelana namandla kagesi aguquliwe kumjikelezo we-Olson (ama-isopothermal kanye nezigaba ezimbili ze-isopole). Lapha sibheka imijikelezo emibili enoshintsho olufanayo lwensimu kagesi (inkambu futhi ivaliwe) kanye nokushintsha izinga lokushisa Δt, yize kunamazinga okushisa okuqala ahlukene. Umjikelezo ohlaza awukho esifundeni sokuguqulwa kwesigaba futhi ngenxa yalokho unendawo encane kakhulu kune-Blue Cycle etholakala esifundeni Sokuguqula Isigaba. Kumdwebo we-ST, omkhulu kule ndawo, kukhudlwana amandla aqoqiwe. Ngakho-ke, ukuguqulwa kwesigaba kumele kuqoqe amandla amaningi. Isidingo sendawo enkulu yokuhamba ngebhayisikile ku-NLP sifana kakhulu nesidingo sezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-Electrothermal, 10, 11, 12 lapho ama-capacitors e-PST Multilayer (MLCS) kanye neTerpolymers muva nje kuboniswe ukusebenza okuhle kakhulu. Isimo sokusebenza sokupholisa emjikelezweni 13,14,15,16. Ngakho-ke, sikhombe i-PST MLCS yentshisekelo yokuvunwa kwamandla okushisayo. Lawa masampula achazwe ngokuphelele ezindleleni futhi abonakala kumanothi wokungezelela 1 (ukuskena i-elektroni microscopy), 2 (X-RAY FUNTRACTRACT) no-3 (ikhalori).
A, Sketch of Antropy (S) -Temperature (T) Plot nge-Electric Field and Off application ezisetshenziselwa izinto ze-NLP ezibonisa izinguquko zesigaba. Imijikelezo emibili yokuqoqa amandla ikhonjiswa ezindaweni ezimbili zokushisa ezihlukile. Imijikelezo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka neluhlaza yenzeka ngaphakathi nangaphandle kokuguqulwa kwesigaba, ngokulandelana, nokuphela ezifundeni ezahlukahlukene kakhulu zobuso. B, izindandatho ezimbili ze-de PST MLC eziku-1 Izincwadi abcd zibhekisela ezifundazweni ezahlukahlukene emjikelezweni we-Olson. U-Ab: Ama-MLCs akhishwe ku-155 kv cm-1 ngo-20 ° C. BC: I-MLC yagcinwa ku-155 kv cm-1 kanti izinga lokushisa likhuphuke laya ku-90 ° C. I-CD: I-MLC ikhipha ku-90 ° C. I-DA: I-MLC ikhishwe ku-20 ° C in zero zero. Indawo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ihambelana namandla okufaka adingekayo ukuqala umjikelezo. Indawo ye-Orange amandla aqoqwe kumjikelezo owodwa. C, Iphaneli ephezulu, iVoltage (emnyama) kanye nesikhathi samanje (ebomvu) Ukufakwa okubili kubonisa ukufakwa kwamandla kagesi nangamanje ngamaphuzu asemqoka kumjikelezo. Ephaneli ephansi, ama-ophuzi aphuzi futhi aluhlaza amelela izinga lokushisa elihambisanayo namajika wamandla, ngokulandelana, nge-1 mm obukhulu be-MLC. Amandla abalwa kusuka kuma-curve wamanje nawamandla athile kuphaneli ephezulu. Amandla amabi ahambelana namandla aqoqiwe. Izinyathelo ezihambelana nezinhlamvu ze-capital kulezi zibalo ezine ziyafana nase-Olson Cycle. Umjikelezo u-Ab'cd uhambelana nomjikelezo wokuvuselela (inothi eyengeziwe 7).
lapho i-E no-D iyinsimu kagesi kanye nensimu yokuthuthwa kagesi, ngokulandelana. I-ND ingatholwa ngokungaqondile kusuka ku-de Circuit (Fig. 1b) noma ngokuqondile ngokuqala umjikelezo we-thermodynamic. Izindlela eziwusizo kakhulu zichazwa ngu-Olsen emsebenzini wakhe wokuphayona ngokuqoqa amandla e-pyroelectric ngawo-1980s17.
Ku-Fig. I-1B ikhombisa ama-loops amabili we-monopolar de izimbongi ezi-1 mm ezihlangene ezihlanganiswe ngo-20 ° C no-90 ° C no-90 ° C, ngokulandelana, ngaphezulu kwenani elingu-0 kuye ku-155 kv cm-1 (600 v). Le mijikelezo emibili ingasetshenziselwa ukubala amandla aqoqwe amandla aqoqwe yi-Olson Cycle ekhonjiswe kuMfanekiso 1A. Eqinisweni, umjikelezo we-OLSEN uqukethe amagatsha amabili wesofield (lapha, insimu ye-zero egatsheni le-DA kanye ne-155 kv cm-1 egatsheni lama-BC) namagatsha amabili asolakazwe (lapha, angu-20 сv kanye no-20 °. C egatsheni le-CD) Amandla aqoqwe ngesikhathi somjikelezo ahambelana nezifunda ze-orange kanye ne-blue (edd ezibalulekile). I-ND eqoqiwe ye-ND ngumehluko phakathi kokufaka nokukhipha amandla, okusho indawo ye-orange kuphela ku-Fig. 1b. Lo mjikelezo othile we-OLSON unikeza amandla we-ND amandla we-1.78 J CM-3. Umjikelezo wokuvuselela ahlukile kumjikelezo we-OLSON (inothi ye-7). Ngoba isigaba sokukhokhiswa njalo (i-Open Circuit) sifinyelelwa kalula, ukuncishiswa kwamandla kukhishwe ku-Fig. 1b (umjikelezo we-AB'CD) kufinyelela ku-1.25 j cm-3. Lokhu kungama-70% kuphela walokho umjikelezo we-Olson angaqoqa, kepha imishini elula yokuvuna iyakwenza.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, sikulinganise ngokuqondile amandla aqoqwe ngesikhathi somjikelezo we-OLSON ngokunikeza amandla i-PST MLC esebenzisa isigaba sokushisa sokushisa se-Linkam. Umdwebo we-1C phezulu futhi ezigabeni ezifanele zibonisa amanje (abomvu) kanye nama-voltage (amnyama) aqoqwe ku-Pst MSC efanayo ne-DE Loop edlula umjikelezo ofanayo we-Olson. Amanje nogesi enza kungenzeki ukubala amandla aqoqwe, futhi ama-curve aboniswa ku-Fig. I-1C, phansi (eluhlaza okotshani) kanye nokushisa (ophuzi) kuwo wonke umjikelezo. Izincwadi abcd zimelela umjikelezo ofanayo we-OLNOO ku-Fig. 1. Ukushaja kwe-MLC kwenzeka ngesikhathi somlenze we-AB futhi kwenziwa ku-I-RAW TRESS (200 μ), ngakho-ke i-harcemeter ingalawula kahle ukushaja. Umphumela walesi sikhathi samanje sokuthi i-voltage curve (ijika elimnyama) alikho umugqa ngenxa yensimu engekho emthethweni yensimu ye-D PST (Fig. 1c, insent engaphezulu). Ekupheleni kokushaja, ama-30 MJ wamandla kagesi agcinwa ku-MLC (Point B). I-MLC Bese ifudumeza futhi i-Ibive Yamanje (futhi ngakho-ke i-off yamanje) ikhiqizwa ngenkathi i-voltage ihlala kungu-600 v. Ngemuva kokuthi isampula le-40 v. Amandla kagesi ku-MLC (CD CD) ancishisiwe, okuholela ku-60 Mj yomsebenzi kagesi owengeziwe. Inani eliphelele lokukhipha lingama-95 mj. Amandla aqoqiwe ngumehluko phakathi kokufakwayo nokukhipha amandla, okunikeza ngo-95 - 30 = 65 MJ. Lokhu kuhambelana nobuningi bamandla we-1.84 J CM-3, okusondele kakhulu kwi-ND ekhishwe kusuka ku-de ring. Ukuvela kwalo mjikelezo we-Olson kuhlolwe kakhulu (inothi ye-4). Ngokwengeziwe ukukhuphula amandla kanye nokushisa, sizuze ngo-4.43 J CM-3 sisebenzisa imijikelezo ye-OLSEN kuhlu lokushisa lwe-75 v (195 kv cm-1) no-175 ° C (Inothi Yokwanga 5). Lokhu kukhulu kane kunokuba kusebenza kahle kakhulu ezincwadini zemijikelezo ye-Ellson eqondile futhi kutholwe kumafilimu amancane we-PB (MG, NB) O3-PT) (1.06 J CM-3) (1.06 j CM-3). Lokhu kusebenza kufinyelelwe ngenxa yokuvuza okuphansi kwalezi ze-MLCs (<10-7 a ngo-750 ° C kanye ne-180 ° C, bheka imininingwane esenzweni esengeziwe esishiwo nguSmith et al.19 - Ngokuphambene nezinto zokwakha ezisetshenziswa ezifundweni zangaphambilini17,20. Lokhu kusebenza kufinyelelwe ngenxa yokuvuza okuphansi kwalezi ze-MLCs (<10-7 a ngo-750 ° C kanye ne-180 ° C, bheka imininingwane esenzweni esengeziwe esishiwo nguSmith et al.19 - Ngokuphambene nezinto zokwakha ezisetshenziswa ezifundweni zangaphambilini17,20. Bheka I-O хаыккк ((ээууууууууууттт m m mт m m m хиис к эддддддд хыид эдддддддд воо п н ньном Примеча Пр) - 8 19 - В т ечии от к кт ыые в Lezi zici zitholwe ngenxa yendawo evuza ephansi kakhulu yalezi MLCS (<10-7 a ngo-750 v no-180 ° C no-180 ° C, bheka inothi elingezelelweyo 6 ngemininingwane) - iphuzu elibucayi elishiwo nguSmith et al. 19 - Ngokungafani nezinto zokwakha ezisetshenziswa ezifundweni zangaphambilini17,20.由于这些 mlc 的泄漏电流非常低 (在 750 v 和 180 ° C 时 <10-7 a, 请参见补充说明 6 时) - Smith 等人 19 等人 - 相比之下, 已经达到了这种性能到早期研究中使用的材料 17,20.由于 这些 mlc 的 泄漏 非常 (在 在 在 750 v 和 180 ° C 时 <10-7 a, 10-7 a,相比之下, 已经达到了这种性能到早期研究中使用的材料 17.20. I-ON 18 18ссй In the Imfono-mfonohlaza wathibisha, у П Susic 19 - дя сравненя, быыли састиутыэээээээттыыуууээ кк .уууууууууууууууыууыыыыу khona. Njengoba i-evuza lama-MLCS liphansi kakhulu (<10-7 a ngo-750 v no-180 ° C no-180 ° C, bheka inothi elengeziwe le-6 ngemininingwane) - iphuzu elingukhiye elishiwo nguSmith et al. 19 - Ukuze uqhathanise, le micimbi yenziwa.Ezintweni ezisetshenziswa ezifundweni zangaphambilini eziyi-17,20.
Izimo ezifanayo (600 v, 20-90 ° C) zisetshenziswa kumjikelezo wokuvuselela (inothi ye-7). Njengoba bekulindelekile kusuka emiphumeleni yomjikelezo weDe decy, isivuno sasingu-41.0 MJ. Enye yezinto ezimangazayo kakhulu zemijikelezo evuthayo yikhono labo lokukhulisa amandla okuqala ngokusebenzisa umphumela we-thermoelectric. Sibonile ukuzuzwa kwamandla kagesi okufika ku-39 (kusuka kumandla kagesi okuqala angu-15 v kuya kokuphela kwamandla kagesi afinyelela ku-590 v, bheka i-FIGERARY 7.2).
Okunye okuhlukanisayo kwalawa ma-MLCS ukuthi yizinto ze-macroscopic ezinkulu ngokwanele ukuqoqa amandla ebangeni le-Joule. Ngakho-ke, sakha umvuzo we-prototype (Harv1) sisebenzisa ama-28 MLC PST 1 mm ubukhulu, kulandela ukwakheka okufanayo kwepuleti okufana ne-to.den kukhishwe ku-Fitherlt pumps phakathi kwamachibi amabili agcinwe khona njalo (indlela). Qoqa kuze kufike ku-3.1 j usebenzisa umjikelezo we-Olson ochazwe ku-Fig. 2a, izifunda ze-isother. Lokhu kuhambelana nobuningi bamandla ka-3.14 J CM-3. Kusetshenziswa lokhu okuhlanganisiwe, izilinganiso zithathwe ngaphansi kwezimo ezahlukahlukene (Fig. 2b). Qaphela ukuthi i-1.8 J yatholakala ngaphezulu kobubanzi bokushisa buka-80 ° C kanye ne-voltage ka-600 v (155 kv cm-1). Lokhu kusivumelwano esihle ne-65 MJ ka-65 MJ ngo-1 mm obukhulu be-PST MLC ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo (28 × 65 = 1820 MJ).
A, ukusetha kokuhlola kwe-Prestotype ehlanganisiwe kususelwa kuma-28 MLC PSTs 1 mm ubukhulu (imigqa emi-4 7 amakholomu) egijima emijikelezweni ye-OLson. Ngezinyathelo ngasinye zemijikelezo emine, izinga lokushisa kanye namandla kagesi anikezwa ku-prototype. Ikhompyutha ishayela iphampu ye-peristaltic ejikeleza uketshezi lwe-dielectric phakathi kwama-reservoirs amakhaza nezishisayo, ama-valves amabili, nomthombo wamandla. Ikhompyutha futhi isebenzisa ama-thermocoumples ukuqoqa idatha kumandla kagesi futhi anikezwe amanje ku-prototype kanye nokushisa kokuhlanganiswa okuvela ekunikezelweni kwamandla. B, Amandla (umbala) oqoqwe yi-4 × 7 MLC prototype Verlotpe Lokushisa Range (X-axis) kanye neVoltage (Y-axis) ezihlokweni ezihlukile.
Uhlobo olukhudlwana lomvuni (Harv2) nge-60 PST MLC 1 mm ugqinsi ngo-160 PST MLC 0.5 mm ubukhulu (41.7 g esebenzayo Pyroelectric Ngo-1984, u-Olsen wenza umvuni wamandla asuselwa ku-317 g we-PB e-PB (ZR, TI) O3 Compound ekwazi ukukhiqiza u-6.23 j kagesi ngamazinga angaba ngu-150 ° C (Ref. 21). Kulokhu okuhlanganisiwe, lena ukuphela kwenani elikhona ku-Joule Range. Iqale ngaphezulu kwesigamu senani esilizuzile futhi cishe kasikhombisa ikhwalithi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ubuningi bamandla beHarv2 buphakeme ka-13.
Isikhathi somjikelezo we-Harv1 yimizuzwana engama-57. Lokhu kukhiqize ama-54 mw wamandla ngemigqa emi-4 yamakholomu ayi-7 ama-1 mm ama-MLC Set. Ukuyithatha isinyathelo esisodwa futhi, sakha ukuhlangana kwesithathu (Harv3) nge-PST MLC e-PST engu-0.5mm kanye nokusetha okufanayo kuHarv1 naseHarv2 (Inothi Yesengezelo 9). Silinganise isikhathi sokushisa semizuzwana eyi-12,5. Lokhu kufana nesikhathi sokujikeleza sama-25 s (umkhiwane owengeziwe. 9). Amandla aqoqiwe (47 MJ) anikeza amandla kagesi ka-1.95 mw nge-MLC nge-MLC, nayo evumela ukuthi sicabange ukuthi iHarv2 ikhiqiza u-0.55 w (cishe 1.95 mm}. Ngaphezu kwalokho, silingise ukudluliswa kokushisa sisebenzisa ukumbumbuluzwa kwe-Finite eyetic ukumbumbuluzwa (i-comsol, inothi elengeziwe le-10 namathebula okungeziwe 2-4) okuhambelana nokuhlolwa kweHarv1. Imodeli ye-Finite eyenzekile yenze ukuthi ikwazi ukubikezela amanani kagesi cishe i-oda lobukhulu obuphakeme (430 mW) ngenombolo efanayo yamakholomu we-PST ngokunciphisa i-MLC kuya ku-0.2 mm, futhi ubuyisela amanzi emigqeni engu-7. × 4 amakholomu (ngaphezu kwawo, kwakukhona ama-960 MW lapho ithangi laliseduze kokuhlanganiswa, okungeziwe. 10b).
Ukukhombisa usizo lwalo mqoqi, kwafakwa umjikelezo wokuvuselela okodwa okubandakanya ama-Pst ML CST amabili njengabaqoqi be-PST, isiguquli samandla aphansi, i-Thermocoulter ephansi yamandla, i-thermocouple ephansi, i-Thermocolouples eyi-11). I-Circuit idinga ukuthi i-capacitor yesitoreji izokhokhiswa ku-9V bese isebenza ngokuzilondeka ngenkathi amazinga okushisa ama-MLCs asuka ku-160 ° C kuya ku-85 ° C, lapha kuboniswa imijikelezo engu-160 s, lapha. Ngokumangazayo, ama-MLC amabili anesisindo kuphela u-0.3g angalawula ngokuzimele lolu hlelo olukhulu. Esinye isici esithandekayo ukuthi umguquli ophansi we-voltage uyakwazi ukuguqula i-400V ibe ngu-10-15v ngokusebenza kahle kwama-79% (inothi ye-11 nokwengeza 11.3).
Ekugcineni, sihlole ukusebenza kahle kwalawa mamojuli we-MLC ekuguquleni amandla afudumele abe amandla kagesi. Isici sekhwalithi 000 sokusebenza kahle sichazwa njengesilinganiso sobukhulu besilinganiso sikagesi esiqoqiwe nd kuya ekujuleni kwe-qin enikeziwe (inothi elengeziwe 12):
Imidwebo 3A, B ikhombisa i-eccount shwa kanye ne-ηR yokusebenza kahle komjikelezo we-OLSEN, ngokulandelana, njengomsebenzi wobubanzi bokushisa kwe-0.5 mm obukhulu obukhulu be-PST MLC. Zombili lezo zedatha zinikezwa insimu kagesi ka-195 kv cm-1. Ukusebenza kahle \ (\ lokhu \) kufinyelela ku-1.43%, okulingana ne-18% ye-ηr. Kodwa-ke, ngobubanzi bokushisa obungu-10 k kusuka ku-25 ° C kuya ku-35 ° C, ηr ufinyelela amanani aze afike ku-40% (i-Blue Curve ku-Fig. 3b). Lokhu kungububanzi obuziwayo bezinto zokwakha ze-NLP ezirekhodiwe kumafilimu we-PMN-PT (ηr = 19%) ebangeni lokushisa le-10 k no-300 kv cm-1 (Ref. 18). Amazinga okushisa angaphansi kwe-10 K awazange abhekwe ngoba i-thermal hysteresis ye-PST MLC iphakathi kuka-5 no-8 K. Ukuqashelwa komphumela omuhle wokushintshwa kwesigaba ngokusebenza kahle kubalulekile. Eqinisweni, amanani afanele e-η kanye ne-000 acishe atholwe endaweni yokushisa yokuqala TI = 25 ° C kumakhiwane. 3a, b. Lokhu kungenxa yokuguqulwa kwesigaba esiseduze lapho kungekho ncishi esetshenzisiwe futhi i-curie lokushisa TC icishe ibe ngu-20 ° C kulawa ma-MLCS (inothi elengeziwe 13).
a, b, i-eccoulicy }} \, \) (b) ye-MPC PST 0.5 mm, ngokuya ngesikhashana sokushisa i-ΔTSPAN.
Ukubukwa kokugcina kunemiphumela emibili ebalulekile: (1) Noma yikuphi ukuhamba ngebhayibheli okusebenzayo kumele kuqale emazingeni okushisa angenhla kwe-TC yokuguqulwa kwesigaba esenziwe ngensimu (kusuka ku-paraelectric kuye ku-Ferroelectric) ukuze kwenzeke; (2) Lezi zinto zokwenziwa zisebenza kahle ngezikhathi ze-Run eduzane ne-TC. Yize kuboniswa ama-effecties amakhulu ezivivinyweni zethu, uhla lokushisa olulinganiselwe alusivumeli ukuthi sifinyelele ama-affeccies amakhulu aphelele ngenxa yomkhawulo we-carnot (\ (\ delta t / t \)). Kodwa-ke, ukusebenza kahle okuhle okuboniswe yilezi zinto ze-PST MLCs zivumela nje olsen lapho ekhuluma ngokuthi "ikilasi elifanelekile le-20 Revenerative armoelectric asebenza emazingeni okushisa aphakathi kwamazinga okushisa aphakathi kuka-30% C no-250 ° C angaba nokusebenza kahle kwama-30%" 17. Ukufinyelela la manani futhi uhlole umqondo, kungaba wusizo ukusebenzisa ama-PSTs adonswayo ngama-TC ahlukene, njengoba kufundwe yiShebonov naseBorman. Bakhombisa ukuthi i-TC ku-PST ingahluka kusuka ku-3 ° C (sb doping) kuya ku-33 ° C (TI DOPING) 22. Ngakho-ke, thina siqonda ukuthi amaReprothestic Regenerator alandelayo asuselwa kuma-MLCs we-PST DRED noma ezinye izinto ezinesigaba sokuqala se-oda lokuqala angancintisana nabavuni bamandla abahle kakhulu.
Kulolu cwaningo, siphenya ama-MLCs enziwe ePST. Lawa madivaysi aqukethe uchungechunge lwe-pt ne-pst electrodes, lapho ama-capacitors amaningana axhumeke khona ngokufana. I-PST yakhethwa ngoba iyinto enhle kakhulu ye-EC ngakho-ke impahla enhle ye-NLP ehle kakhulu. Ibonisa isigaba sokuqala se-Order Ferroelectric-serrOelectric-praelectric abukhali cishe ngo-20 ° C, okukhombisa ukuthi izinguquko zayo zokungena ziyefana nalezo ezikhonjisiwe ku-Fig. 1. Kulolu cwaningo, sasebenzisa u-10.4 × 7.2 × 1 × 7.2 × 0 0,5 MM³ MLCS. Ama-MLC anobukhulu obungu-1 mm no-0.5 mm benziwe ngezingqimba eziyi-19 nezingu-9 ze-PST ngobukhulu be-38.6 μm, ngokulandelana. Ezimweni zombili, ungqimba lwangaphakathi lwe-pst lwabekwa phakathi kwama-electrodes angu-2.05 μm awugqinsi weplatinamu. Ukwakhiwa kwalawa ma-MLCs kuthatha ukuthi ama-55% ama-PSTs ayasebenza, ahambelana nengxenye phakathi kwama-electrodes (inothi yokungezelela 1). Indawo esebenzayo ye-electrode yayingu-48.7 MM2 (Ithebula Lesekeli 5). I-MLC PST yalungiswa ngokusabela kwesigaba esiqinile nendlela yokusakaza. Imininingwane yenqubo yokulungiselela ichazwe ku-athikili yangaphambilini14. Enye yokwehluka phakathi kwe-PST MLC kanye ne-athikili edlule yi-oda lama-B-Sites, athinta kakhulu ukusebenza kwe-EC ku-PST. Ukuhleleka kwama-B-Sites we-PST MLC kungu-0.75 (inothi elengeziwe 2) elitholwe nge-400 ° C kulandelwa ngamakhulu amahora akhulisa isikhathi eside ngo-1000 ° C. Ngeminye imininingwane nge-PST MLC, bheka amanothi angeziwe 1-3 neThebula Lesekeli 5.
Umqondo oyinhloko walolu cwaningo ususelwa kumjikelezo we-Olson (Fig. 1). Ngomjikelezo onjalo, sidinga indawo yokugcina eshisayo nebandayo kanye nokunikezwa kwamandla okukwazi ukuqapha nokulawula ama-voltage futhi kwakhona kumamojula ahlukahlukene we-MLC. Le mijikelezo eqondile isebenzise ukucushwa okuhlukahlukene okuhlukile, okungukuthi (1) amamojula wokushisa apholile futhi apholise i-MLC eyodwa exhunywe kwi-Keithley 2410 Power Source, kanye (2) nama-prototypes (Harv1, Harv2 neHarv3) ngokufana nomthombo ofanayo wamandla. Endabeni yokugcina, uketshezi lwe-dielectric (uwoyela we-silicone onokubonakala kwe-5 cp ngo-25 ° C, kuthengwe kusuka ku-sigma aldrich) kusetshenziselwa ukushintshana okushisayo phakathi kwamachibi amabili (okushisayo namakhaza) kanye ne-MLC. I-Thermal Reservoir iqukethe isitsha sengilazi esigcwele uketshezi lwe-dielectric futhi lubekwe ngaphezulu kwepuleti eshisayo. Ukulondolozwa okubandayo kuqukethe ukugeza kwamanzi ngamashubhu aqukethe uketshezi lwe-dielectric esitsheni esikhulu sepulasitiki esigcwele amanzi neqhwa. Ama-valves amabili we-pinch amathathu (athengwe kusuka kuma-bio-chem fluidics) abekwe ekugcineni ngakunye kokuhlangana ukuze ashintshe kahle uketshezi olusuka kwelinye i-reservoir liye kwelinye (umfanekiso 2a). Ukuqinisekisa ukulingana okushisayo phakathi kwephakethe le-PST-MLC kanye ne-coolant, isikhathi somjikelezo selulekwa kuze kube yilapho ingena kanye nokuphuma kwe-thermocouples (eduze ngangokunokwenzeka kwiphakheji ye-PST-MLC) ikhombise izinga lokushisa elifanayo. Isikripthi sePython siyalawula futhi sivumelanisa zonke izinsimbi (amamitha omthombo, ama-pump, ama-valves, kanye nama-thermocoumpules) ukuze aqede ukuhamba nge-olson ngesitaki ukuze ashise i-voltage esetshenzisiwe yomjikelezo osetshenzisiwe we-olson umjikelezo ukuze ashise umjikelezo osetshenzisiwe we-Olson.
Ngenye indlela, sikuqinisekisile lezi zilinganiso eziqondile zamandla aqoqiwe ngezindlela ezingaqondile. Lezi zindlela ezingaqondile zisuselwa ekuthungeni kagesi (D) - I-Electric Field (E) Izinsimbi zensimu eziqoqwe emazingeni okushisa ahlukene, nangokubala indawo ephakathi kwamandla amabili deops, umuntu angalinganisa ngokunembile ukuthi angaqoqwa ngokunembile, njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuMandla angakanani. Kumfanekiso 2. .1B. Lezi zingelosi zibuye ziqoqwe kusetshenziswa amamitha we-keithley.
Amashumi amabili nesishiyagalombili 14. Igebe le-fluid phakathi kwemigqa ye-PST-MLC ingu-0.75mm. Lokhu kutholakala ngokungeza imichilo yeteyipu ebiliswe kabili njengezikhala eziwuketshezi ezizungeze imiphetho ye-PST MLC. I-PST MLC ixhumeke ngogesi ngokufana ngebhuloho le-epoxy yesiliva lithintana ne-electrode lead. Emva kwalokho, izintambo zazithathwa nge-epoxy yesiliva e-resin ezansi kolunye uhlangothi lwama-electrode ama-ecterminals okuxhumeka ekunikezelweni kwamandla. Ekugcineni, faka lonke isakhiwo ku-polyolefin hose. Lesi sakamuva sihlutshulwa ku-tube fluid ukuqinisekisa ukubekwa uphawu okufanele. Ekugcineni, ama-thermocouples angu-0.25 mm ama-thermocoum we-0.25 Ukuze wenze lokhu, i-hose kumele kuqala. Ngemuva kokufaka i-thermocouple, faka ukunamathela okufanayo njengakuqala phakathi kwe-thermocouple hose nocingo ukuze ubuyisele uphawu lwe-seal.
Kwakhiwa ama-prototypes ayisishiyagalombili ahlukile, amane kwawo anama-MLC PST angama-40 0,5 mm asatshalaliswa njengamapuleti afanayo anamakholomu ayi-5 nemigqa engu-8, kanti abane abasele babenama-15 1 mm anama-mlc PSTs ngalinye. ku-3-columl × 5-roll parallel plate sakhiwo. Inani eliphelele lama-PST MLCS asetshenzisiwe lalingama-220 (160 0.5 mm linye futhi 60 PST MLC 1 mm ubukhulu). Lokhu sikubiza ngokuthi ama-sunwan amabili Harv2_160 neHarv2_60. Igebe le-liquid ku-prototype Harv2_160 liqukethe amateyipu amabili ahlangene ahlangane angu-0.25 mm aminyene ngocingo 0.25 mm obanzi phakathi kwawo. Nge-Harv2_60 prototype, saphinda inqubo efanayo, kepha sisebenzisa ucingo olungu-0.38 mm. Ukuvumelanisa, iHarv2_160 neHarv2_60 kube nemibuthano yazo uketshezi, amaphampu, ama-valve kanye namakhaza (inothi ye-8). Amayunithi amabili eHarv2 abelana nge-reservoir yokushisa, isitsha selitha esingu-3 (30 cm x 20 cm x 5 cm) kumapuleti amabili ashisayo anama-magnets ajikelezayo. Onke ama-prototypes ayisishiyagalombili axhunyiwe ngogesi ngokufana. IHarv2_160 neHarv2_60 Subnits asebenza ngasikhathi sinye emjikelezweni we-OLSON okuholela ekuvuneni kwamandla kwe-11.2 J.
Beka u-0.5mm obukhulu be-PST MLC ungene ku-polyolefin hose ngetheyipu elihlangene kabili nocingo ezinhlangothini zombili ukudala isikhala soketshezi ukuze ugeleze. Ngenxa yosayizi wayo omncane, i-prototype ibekwe eduze kwe-valve eshisayo noma ebandayo yokugcina, inciphisa izikhathi zomjikelezo.
Ku-PST MLC, inkambu kagesi njalo isetshenziswa ngokusebenzisa i-voltage njalo egatsheni lokushisa. Ngenxa yalokhu, kukhiqizwa okungekho emthethweni okushisayo kwakhiwa futhi amandla agcinwe. Ngemuva kokushisa i-PST MLC, insimu iyasuswa (v = 0), futhi amandla agcinwe kuwo abuyiselwe emuva kwikhawuntari yomthombo, ehambelana nomnikelo owodwa owengeziwe wamandla aqoqiwe. Ekugcineni, nge-voltage v = 0 isetshenziswe, ama-MLC PSTs aphonswe kumazinga okushisa awo okuqala ukuze umjikelezo ungaphinde uqale. Kulesi sigaba, amandla awaqoqiwe. Sigijime umjikelezo we-Olsen sisebenzisa i-keithley 2410 Sourcemeter, sishaja i-PST MLC emthonjeni wamandla kagesi futhi sibeka umdlalo wamanje ngenani elifanele ukuze amaphuzu anele aqoqwe ngesikhathi sokushaja izibalo ezithembekile zokubala okuthembekile.
Emijikelezweni evuthayo, ama-PST MLCs athweswe amacala e-Voltage Source Mode kwinani lokuqala lensimu kagesi (i-Voltage Oritem VirTage VE Emijikelezweni evuthayo, ama-PST MLCs athweswe amacala e-Voltage Source Mode kwinani lokuqala lensimu kagesi (i-Voltage Oritem VirTage VE Пикома заража знриж знcг зсрго (Началеное напря ,ежение vi> 0), же чт чтоком чк чээд Ibhola Free khulula эое) хорня эе Emijikelezweni ye-PST MLC ye-PST MLC, babhekene ne-Moder Mode ye-voltage kunani lokuqala lensimu kagesi (I-Voltage Oritem VI> 0)在斯特林循环中, PST MLC 在电压源模式下以初始电场值 (初始电压 Vi> 0) 充电, 所需的顺应电流使得充电步骤大约需要 1 秒 (并且收集了足够的点以可靠地计算能量) 和低温. Emjikelezweni we-Master, i-PST MLC ikhokhiswa ngenani lokuqala lensimu kagesi (I-Voltage Fiser Taleji ye-0 Кstиггэ p кииггее Sex НА н>,, требуемй токов, эОд в, эОд в, эооб А низ начек, иОооны начек, Kumjikelezo wokuvusa, i-PST MLC ikhokhiswa kwimodi yomthombo wamandla kagesi ngenani lokuqala lensimu kagesi (i-Voltage Voltage VI> 0)Ngaphambi kokuthi i-PST MLC ifudumele, vula umjikelezo ngokusebenzisa i-I = 0 MA (ubuncane obufanayo bamanje bokuthi umthombo wethu wokulinganisa ungaphatha yi-10 na). Ngenxa yalokhu, icala lihlala lise-PST ye-MJK, futhi i-voltage yanda njengokushisa kwesampula. Awekho amandla aqoqwe ku-Arm BC ngoba i = 0 ma. Ngemuva kokufinyelela emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, i-voltage e-MLT FT inyuka (kwezinye izikhathi izikhathi ezingaphezu kwama-30, bheka i-Fig ebunguwe. 7.2) Ukuxhumana okufanayo okufanayo kubuyiselwe kumthombo wamamitha. Ngenxa yokuthola inzuzo ye-voltage, amandla agciniwe ekushiseni okuphezulu aphakeme kunalokho obekuhlinzekwa ekuqaleni komjikelezo. Ngenxa yalokho, amandla atholakala ngokuguqula ukushisa kube ugesi.
Sisebenzise i-cambinemeter ye-keithley 2410 ukuqapha amagesi kanye namanje asetshenziswa ku-PST MLC. Amandla ahambisanayo abalwa ngokuhlanganisa umkhiqizo weVoltage kanye nokufundwa kwamanje nguKeitheley imitha, \ (e = \ int} _ {{\ \ €) _ {{{{\ €} lisa isikhathi sesikhathi. Kumandlandla ethu ijika, amanani amahle wamandla asho amandla okufanele siwanikeze i-MLC PST, namanani amabi asho amandla esiwakhipha kuwo ngakho-ke amandla atholakele. Amandla ahlobene nomjikelezo onikeziwe anqunywa ngokuhlukanisa amandla aqoqwe ngesikhathi esifanele kuwo wonke umjikelezo.
Yonke imininingwane yethulwa embhalweni oyinhloko noma imininingwane eyengeziwe. Izincwadi nezicelo zezinto zokwakha kufanele ziqondiswe emthonjeni wedatha ye-AT noma e-ED enikezwe ngale ndatshana.
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Siyabonga uN. Futusawa, y inoue, noK. Honda ngosizo lwabo ekwakheni i-MLC. Pl, at, yn, aa, jl, up, vk, ob kanye ne-ed ngenxa ye-evwer hlinzeka ngoKuxelheat C17 / MS, 117036911 / I-Defay, i-Spenabentritt, i-Thermodimat C20 / MS / 14718071 / Defay futhi Ama-Bridges2021 / MS / 16282302 / Cecoha / Defay.
UMnyango Wezokucwaninga Nezobuchwepheshe, Inhlangano Ye-Luxembourg Inhlangano Yezobuchwepheshe (Uhlu), Belvoir, Luxembourg