Ukunikeza imithombo kagesi esimeme kungenye yezinselelo ezibaluleke kakhulu zaleli khulu leminyaka. Izindawo zocwaningo ngezinto zokuvuna amandla zivela kulesi sisusa, okuhlanganisa i-thermoelectric1, i-photovoltaic2 kanye ne-thermophotovoltaics3. Nakuba singenazo izinto namadivayisi angakwazi ukuvuna amandla ku-Joule range, izinto ze-pyroelectric ezingaguqula amandla kagesi abe izinguquko zokushisa ngezikhathi ezithile zibhekwa njengezinzwa4 kanye nezivuni zamandla5,6,7. Lapha sithuthukise i-macroscopic thermal energy harvester ngesimo se-multilayer capacitor eyenziwe ngamagremu angu-42 e-lead scandium tantalate, ekhiqiza u-11.2 J wamandla kagesi ngomjikelezo we-thermodynamic. I-pyroelectric module ngayinye ingakhiqiza ubuningi bamandla kagesi obufika ku-4.43 J cm-3 ngomjikelezo ngamunye. Siphinde sibonise ukuthi amamojula amabili anjalo anesisindo esingu-0.3 g anele ukunika amandla njalo izivuni zamandla ezizimele ezinama-microcontrollers afakiwe kanye nezinzwa zokushisa. Okokugcina, sibonisa ukuthi ebangeni lokushisa elingu-10 K, la ma-capacitor e-multilayer angafinyelela ku-40% ukusebenza kahle kwe-Carnot. Lezi zakhiwo zibangelwa (1) ushintsho lwesigaba se-ferroelectric ukuze kube nokusebenza kahle okuphezulu, (2) ukuvuza okuphansi kwamandla okuvimbela ukulahleka, kanye (3) i-voltage ephezulu yokuwohloka. Lawa ma-macroscopic, scalable futhi asebenza kahle okuvuna amandla e-pyroelectric aphinde acabange ngokukhiqizwa kwamandla e-thermoelectric.
Uma kuqhathaniswa nokuphakama kwezinga lokushisa kwendawo okudingekayo ezintweni ze-thermoelectric, ukuqoqwa kwamandla kwezinto ze-thermoelectric kudinga ukujikeleza kwezinga lokushisa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Lokhu kusho umjikelezo we-thermodynamic, ochazwa kangcono ngumdwebo we-entropy (S)-temperature (T). Isithombe 1a sibonisa isakhiwo se-ST esijwayelekile sezinto ze-pyroelectric (NLP) ezingezona eziqondile ezibonisa ukuguquka kwesigaba se-ferroelectric-paraelectric esiqhutshwa ensimini ku-scandium lead tantalate (PST). Izingxenye eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka neziluhlaza zomjikelezo kumdwebo we-ST zihambisana namandla kagesi aguquliwe kumjikelezo we-Olson (izingxenye ezimbili ze-isothermal kanye nezingxenye ezimbili ze-isopole). Lapha sicabangela imijikelezo emibili enokushintsha okufanayo kwensimu kagesi (insimu ivuliwe futhi ivaliwe) kanye nokushintsha kwezinga lokushisa i-ΔT, yize kunezinga lokushisa lokuqala elihlukile. Umjikelezo oluhlaza awutholakali esifundeni sokuguquka kwesigaba futhi ngaleyo ndlela unendawo encane kakhulu kunomjikelezo oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka otholakala esifundeni sokuguquka kwesigaba. Kumdwebo we-ST, lapho indawo inkulu, kulapho amandla aqoqwe aba maningi khona. Ngakho-ke, ukuguquka kwesigaba kumele kuqoqe amandla engeziwe. Isidingo sokuhamba ngebhayisikili endaweni enkulu ku-NLP sifana kakhulu nesidingo sezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-electrothermal9, 10, 11, 12 lapho ama-capacitor e-PST multilayer (ama-MLC) kanye nama-terpolymer asekelwe ku-PVDF muva nje abonise ukusebenza okuhle kakhulu kokupholisa okuphambene nomjikelezo 13, 14, 15, 16. Ngakho-ke, sithole ama-MLC e-PST anesithakazelo ekuvuneni amandla okushisa. Lawa masampula achazwe ngokugcwele ezindleleni futhi achazwa kumanothi angeziwe 1 (ukuskena i-electron microscopy), 2 (i-X-ray diffraction) kanye no-3 (i-calorimetry).
a, Umdwebo wesithombe se-entropy (S)-temperature (T) esinensimu kagesi evuliwe futhi evaliwe esetshenziswa ezintweni ze-NLP ezibonisa ukuguquka kwesigaba. Imijikelezo emibili yokuqoqwa kwamandla iboniswa ezindaweni ezimbili zokushisa ezihlukene. Imijikelezo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka yenzeka ngaphakathi nangaphandle kokuguquka kwesigaba, ngokulandelana, futhi iphela ezindaweni ezihlukene kakhulu zobuso. b, amasongo amabili e-DE PST MLC unipolar, angu-1 mm ubukhulu, alinganiswa phakathi kuka-0 no-155 kV cm-1 ku-20 °C no-90 °C, ngokulandelana, kanye nemijikelezo ehambisanayo ye-Olsen. Izinhlamvu ze-ABCD zibhekisela ezimweni ezahlukene emjikelezweni we-Olson. AB: Ama-MLC ashajwe ku-155 kV cm-1 ku-20°C. BC: I-MLC igcinwe ku-155 kV cm-1 futhi izinga lokushisa laphakanyiswa laya ku-90 °C. CD: I-MLC ikhishwa ku-90°C. DA: I-MLC ibanda yaya ku-20°C ensimini engu-zero. Indawo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ihambelana namandla okufaka adingekayo ukuqala umjikelezo. Indawo e-orange ingamandla aqoqwe emjikelezweni owodwa. c, iphaneli ephezulu, i-voltage (emnyama) kanye ne-current (ebomvu) uma kuqhathaniswa nesikhathi, kulandelelwa ngesikhathi somjikelezo ofanayo we-Olson njengo-b. Ama-insert amabili amelela ukukhuliswa kwe-voltage kanye ne-current ezindaweni ezibalulekile emjikelezweni. Ephanelini elingezansi, ama-curve aphuzi naluhlaza amelela ama-curve okushisa kanye namandla ahambisanayo, ngokulandelana, e-MLC eyi-1 mm ubukhulu. Amandla abalwa kusukela kuma-current kanye nama-voltage current ephanelini eliphezulu. Amandla angalungile ahambisana namandla aqoqiwe. Izinyathelo ezihambisana nezinhlamvu ezinkulu ezithombeni ezine ziyafana nasemjikelezweni we-Olson. Umjikelezo we-AB'CD uhambelana nomjikelezo we-Stirling (inothi elengeziwe 7).
lapho u-E no-D kuyinsimu kagesi kanye nensimu yokufuduka kagesi, ngokulandelana. I-Nd ingatholakala ngokungaqondile kwisekethe ye-DE (Isithombe 1b) noma ngokuqondile ngokuqala umjikelezo we-thermodynamic. Izindlela eziwusizo kakhulu zachazwa ngu-Olsen emsebenzini wakhe wokuqala wokuqoqa amandla e-pyroelectric ngawo-1980s17.
Ku-Fig. 1b kukhombisa ama-loop amabili e-monopolar DE ezinhlobo ze-PST-MLC ezingama-1 mm ubukhulu ezihlanganiswe ku-20 °C kanye no-90 °C, ngokulandelana, phezu kobubanzi obungu-0 kuya ku-155 kV cm-1 (600 V). Le mijikelezo emibili ingasetshenziswa ukubala ngokungaqondile amandla aqoqwe umjikelezo we-Olson oboniswe ku-Figure 1a. Eqinisweni, umjikelezo we-Olsen uqukethe amagatsha amabili e-isofield (lapha, insimu engu-zero egatsheni le-DA kanye no-155 kV cm-1 egatsheni le-BC) kanye namagatsha amabili e-isothermal (lapha, 20°С kanye no-20°С egatsheni le-AB). C egatsheni le-CD) Amandla aqoqwe ngesikhathi somjikelezo ahambisana nezifunda ezi-orenji neziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (i-EdD integral). Amandla aqoqwe u-Nd umehluko phakathi kwamandla okufaka nawokukhipha, okungukuthi indawo e-orenji kuphela ku-Fig. 1b. Lo mjikelezo othize we-Olson unikeza ubuningi bamandla e-Nd obungu-1.78 J cm-3. Umjikelezo we-Stirling uyindlela ehlukile yomjikelezo we-Olson (Inothi Elingeziwe 7). Ngenxa yokuthi isigaba sokushaja esingaguquki (isekethe evulekile) sifinyelelwa kalula, ubuningi bamandla obukhishwe ku-Fig. 1b (umjikelezo we-AB'CD) bufinyelela ku-1.25 J cm-3. Lokhu kungu-70% kuphela walokho umjikelezo we-Olson ongakuqoqa, kodwa imishini yokuvuna elula iyakwenza lokho.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, silinganise ngqo amandla aqoqwe ngesikhathi somjikelezo we-Olson ngokunika amandla i-PST MLC sisebenzisa isigaba sokulawula izinga lokushisa se-Linkam kanye nemitha yomthombo (indlela). Isithombe 1c phezulu kanye nasezintweni ezihambisanayo sibonisa ugesi (obomvu) kanye ne-voltage (emnyama) eqoqwe ku-PST MLC efanayo engu-1 mm ubukhulu njenge-DE loop ehamba ngomjikelezo we-Olson ofanayo. Ugesi kanye ne-voltage kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukubala amandla aqoqwe, futhi ama-curve aboniswe ku-Fig. 1c, phansi (oluhlaza) kanye nokushisa (ophuzi) kulo lonke umjikelezo. Izinhlamvu ze-ABCD zimele umjikelezo we-Olson ofanayo ku-Fig. 1. Ukushaja kwe-MLC kwenzeka ngesikhathi se-AB leg futhi kwenziwa kugesi ophansi (200 µA), ngakho-ke i-SourceMeter ingalawula kahle ukushaja. Umphumela walo mshini wokuqala oqhubekayo ukuthi i-voltage curve (i-black curve) ayiqondile ngenxa yensimu yokufuduka engabalulekanga D PST (Umfanekiso 1c, i-top inset). Ekupheleni kokushaja, ama-30 mJ wamandla kagesi agcinwa ku-MLC (iphuzu B). I-MLC ibe isishisa bese kukhiqizwa ugesi ongemuhle (ngakho-ke ugesi ongemuhle) ngenkathi ugesi uhlala ku-600 V. Ngemva kwamasekhondi angu-40, lapho izinga lokushisa lifika endaweni ephakeme engu-90 °C, lo mshini wakhokhelwa, yize isampula yesinyathelo ikhiqize amandla kagesi angu-35 mJ kule ndawo (ingxenye yesibili ku-Fig. 1c, phezulu). Ugesi ku-MLC (i-CD yegatsha) uyancishiswa, okuholela emsebenzini kagesi ongu-60 mJ owengeziwe. Amandla okukhipha aphelele angama-95 mJ. Amandla aqoqiwe umehluko phakathi kwamandla okufaka nawokukhipha, okunikeza u-95 - 30 = 65 mJ. Lokhu kuhambelana nobuningi bamandla obungu-1.84 J cm-3, obuseduze kakhulu ne-Nd ekhishwe endandatho ye-DE. Ukuphindaphindeka kwalo mjikelezo we-Olson kuhlolwe kabanzi (Inothi Elingeziwe 4). Ngokukhulisa i-voltage kanye nokushisa, sifinyelele ku-4.43 J cm-3 sisebenzisa imijikelezo ye-Olsen ku-PST MLC engu-0.5 mm ubukhulu ngaphezu kobubanzi bokushisa obungu-750 V (195 kV cm-1) kanye no-175 °C (Inothi Elingeziwe 5). Lokhu kukhulu ngokuphindwe kane kunokusebenza okuhle kakhulu okubikwe ezincwadini zemijikelezo eqondile ye-Olson futhi kutholakale kumafilimu amancane e-Pb(Mg,Nb)O3-PbTiO3 (PMN-PT) (1.06 J cm-3)18 (cm .Ithebula Elingeziwe 1 ukuze uthole amanani engeziwe ezincwadini). Lokhu kusebenza kufinyelelwe ngenxa yokuvuza okuphansi kakhulu kwala ma-MLC (<10−7 A ku-750 V kanye no-180 °C, bheka imininingwane ku-Supplementary Note 6)—iphuzu elibalulekile elishiwo nguSmith et al.19—ngokungafani nezinto ezisetshenziswe ezifundweni zangaphambilini17,20. Lokhu kusebenza kufinyelelwe ngenxa yokuvuza okuphansi kakhulu kwala ma-MLC (<10−7 A ku-750 V kanye no-180 °C, bheka imininingwane ku-Supplementary Note 6)—iphuzu elibalulekile elishiwo nguSmith et al.19—ngokungafani nezinto ezisetshenziswe ezifundweni zangaphambilini17,20. Эти характеристики были достигнуты благодаря очень низкому току утечки этих MLC (<10–7 А при 750 В и 180 °C, см. 6) — критический момент, упомянутый Смитом и др. 19 — в отличие от к материалам, использованным в более ранних исследованиях17,20. Lezi zici zafezwa ngenxa yokuvuza okuphansi kakhulu kwala ma-MLC (<10–7 A ku-750 V kanye no-180 °C, bheka i-Supplementary Note 6 ukuthola imininingwane) – iphuzu elibalulekile elishiwo nguSmith et al. 19 – ngokungafani nezinto ezisetshenziswe ezifundweni zangaphambilini17,20.由于這些MLC 的泄漏电流非常低（在750 V 和180 °C 时<10-7 A，请参见补充说明6 的详细伉 人明6 的详细伉 180 °C提到的关键点——相比之下，已经达到了這种性能到早期研究中使用的材料17,20.由于 這些 mlc 的 泄漏 非常 （在 在 750 V 和 180 ° C 时 <10-7 A , 参见 补充 说明 6 中 详细信息 (相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之之下 相比之下 相比之之下相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下，已经达到了這种性能到早期研。 Поскольку ток утечки этих MLC очень низкий (<10–7 А при 750 В и 180 °C, см. подробности в дополнительном примечании 6) Смитом futhi др. 19 - для сравнения, были достигнуты эти характеристики. Njengoba ukuvuza kwala ma-MLC kuphansi kakhulu (<10–7 A ku-750 V kanye no-180 °C, bheka i-Supplementary Note 6 ukuthola imininingwane) – iphuzu elibalulekile elishiwo nguSmith et al. 19 – ukuze kuqhathaniswe, lokhu kusebenza kufeziwe.ezintweni ezisetshenziswe ezifundweni zangaphambilini 17,20.
Izimo ezifanayo (600 V, 20–90 °C) zisebenza kumjikelezo we-Stirling (Inothi Elingeziwe 7). Njengoba bekulindelekile emiphumeleni yomjikelezo we-DE, isivuno sasingu-41.0 mJ. Esinye sezici eziphawuleka kakhulu zemijikelezo ye-Stirling yikhono labo lokukhulisa i-voltage yokuqala ngomphumela we-thermoelectric. Sibone ukwanda kwe-voltage kufika ku-39 (kusukela ku-voltage yokuqala engu-15 V kuya ku-voltage yokugcina kufika ku-590 V, bheka i-Supplementary Fig. 7.2).
Esinye isici esiphawulekayo salezi MLC ukuthi ziyizinto ezinkulu ngokwanele ukuqoqa amandla ku-joule range. Ngakho-ke, sakhe i-prototype harvester (HARV1) sisebenzisa i-28 MLC PST 1 mm ubukhulu, silandela umklamo ofanayo wepuleti elihambisanayo ochazwe nguTorello et al.14, ku-matrix engu-7×4 njengoba kuboniswe ku-Fig. Uketshezi lwe-dielectric oluthwala ukushisa ku-manifold lususwa yiphampu ye-peristaltic phakathi kwamachibi amabili lapho izinga lokushisa loketshezi ligcinwa lingaguquguquki khona (indlela). Qoqa kufika ku-3.1 J usebenzisa umjikelezo we-Olson ochazwe ku-Fig. 2a, izifunda ze-isothermal ku-10°C kanye ne-125°C kanye nezifunda ze-isofield ku-0 kanye ne-750 V (195 kV cm-1). Lokhu kuhambisana nobuningi bamandla obungu-3.14 J cm-3. Sisebenzisa le nhlanganisela, izilinganiso zathathwa ngaphansi kwezimo ezahlukahlukene (Fig. 2b). Qaphela ukuthi i-1.8 J itholakale ngaphezu kobubanzi bokushisa obungu-80 °C kanye ne-voltage engu-600 V (155 kV cm-1). Lokhu kuvumelana kahle ne-65 mJ okukhulunywe ngayo ngaphambilini ye-PST MLC engu-1 mm ubukhulu ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo (28 × 65 = 1820 mJ).
a, Ukusethwa kokuhlolwa kwe-prototype ye-HARV1 ehlanganisiwe esekelwe kuma-PST angu-28 e-MLC angu-1 mm ubukhulu (imigqa engu-4 × amakholomu angu-7) asebenza emijikelezweni ye-Olson. Esinyathelweni ngasinye somjikelezo one, izinga lokushisa kanye ne-voltage kunikezwa ku-prototype. Ikhompyutha iqhuba iphampu ye-peristaltic ejikeleza uketshezi lwe-dielectric phakathi kwama-reservoirs abandayo nashisayo, ama-valve amabili, kanye nomthombo wamandla. Ikhompyutha iphinde isebenzise ama-thermocouple ukuqoqa idatha ku-voltage kanye nogesi onikezwe ku-prototype kanye nokushisa kwe-combine kusuka ekunikezelweni kwamandla. b, Amandla (umbala) aqoqwe yi-prototype yethu ye-4×7 MLC ngokumelene nobubanzi bokushisa (i-X-axis) kanye ne-voltage (i-Y-axis) ekuhlolweni okuhlukene.
Inguqulo enkulu ye-harvester (HARV2) ene-60 PST MLC 1 mm ubukhulu kanye ne-160 PST MLC 0.5 mm ubukhulu (41.7 g izinto ezisebenzayo ze-pyroelectric) yanikeza i-11.2 J (Inothi Elingeziwe 8). Ngo-1984, u-Olsen wenza i-energy harvester esekelwe ku-317 g ye-Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 compound efakwe i-tin ekwazi ukukhiqiza ugesi ongu-6.23 J ekushiseni okungaba ngu-150 °C (bheka 21). Kulokhu kuhlanganiswa, lena kuphela enye inani elitholakalayo ku-joule range. Yathola inani elingaphezu kwengxenye yenani esilifinyelele futhi cishe liphindwe kasikhombisa ikhwalithi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ubukhulu bamandla be-HARV2 buphakeme ngokuphindwe ka-13.
Isikhathi somjikelezo we-HARV1 singamasekhondi angu-57. Lokhu kukhiqize amandla angu-54 mW ngemigqa emi-4 yamakholomu angu-7 amasethi e-MLC angu-1 mm ubukhulu. Ukuze siqhubekele phambili, sakha i-combine yesithathu (i-HARV3) ene-PST MLC engu-0.5mm ubukhulu kanye nokusethwa okufanayo ne-HARV1 kanye ne-HARV2 (Inothi Elingeziwe 9). Silinganise isikhathi sokushisa samasekhondi angu-12.5. Lokhu kuhambelana nesikhathi somjikelezo samasekhondi angu-25 (Isithombe Esingeziwe 9). Amandla aqoqwe (47 mJ) anikeza amandla kagesi angu-1.95 mW nge-MLC ngayinye, okusivumela ukuthi sicabange ukuthi i-HARV2 ikhiqiza u-0.55 W (cishe u-1.95 mW × 280 PST MLC ongu-0.5 mm ubukhulu). Ngaphezu kwalokho, silingise ukudluliselwa kokushisa sisebenzisa i-Finite Element Simulation (COMSOL, Inothi Elingeziwe 10 kanye namaThebula Angeziwe 2–4) ahambisana nokuhlolwa kwe-HARV1. Ukumodela kwe-Finite element kwenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukubikezela amanani wamandla acishe abe phezulu kakhulu (430 mW) enanini elifanayo lamakholomu e-PST ngokunciphisa i-MLC ibe ngu-0.2 mm, kusetshenziswa amanzi njengesibandisi, nokubuyisela i-matrix emigqeni engu-7. × amakholomu angu-4 (ngaphezu kuka-, kwakukhona ama-960 mW lapho ithangi liseduze ne-combine, i-Supplementary Fig. 10b).
Ukuze kuboniswe ukusebenza kwale collector, umjikelezo we-Stirling wasetshenziswa ku-demonstrator ezimele equkethe ama-PST MLC amabili kuphela angu-0.5 mm ubukhulu njengabaqoqi bokushisa, iswishi ye-voltage ephezulu, iswishi ye-voltage ephansi ene-storage capacitor, i-DC/DC converter, i-microcontroller enamandla aphansi, ama-thermocouple amabili kanye ne-boost converter (Inothi Elingeziwe 11). Isekethe idinga ukuthi i-storage capacitor ishajwe ekuqaleni ku-9V bese isebenza ngokuzimela kuyilapho izinga lokushisa lama-MLC amabili lisukela ku--5°C kuya ku-85°C, lapha ngemijikelezo yamasekhondi angu-160 (imijikelezo eminingana iboniswe ku-Supplementary Note 11). Okuphawulekayo ukuthi ama-MLC amabili anesisindo esingu-0.3g kuphela angalawula ngokuzimela lolu hlelo olukhulu. Esinye isici esithakazelisayo ukuthi i-low voltage converter iyakwazi ukuguqula ama-400V abe yi-10-15V ngokusebenza kahle okungu-79% (Inothi Elingeziwe 11 kanye ne-Supplementary Figure 11.3).
Ekugcineni, sihlole ukusebenza kahle kwala mamojula e-MLC ekuguquleni amandla okushisa abe amandla kagesi. Isici sekhwalithi η sokusebenza kahle sichazwa njengesilinganiso sobuningi bamandla kagesi aqoqiwe Nd nobuningi bokushisa okunikeziwe Qin (Inothi Elingeziwe 12):
Izibalo 3a, b zibonisa ukusebenza kahle η kanye nokusebenza kahle okulingana ηr komjikelezo we-Olsen, ngokulandelana, njengomsebenzi webanga lokushisa le-PST MLC engu-0.5 mm ubukhulu. Womabili amasethi edatha anikezwa insimu kagesi engu-195 kV cm-1. Ukusebenza kahle \(\this\) kufinyelela ku-1.43%, okulingana no-18% we-ηr. Kodwa-ke, ebangeni lokushisa elingu-10 K kusukela ku-25 °C kuya ku-35 °C, i-ηr ifinyelela amanani afinyelela ku-40% (ijika eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ku-Fig. 3b). Lokhu kuphindwe kabili inani elaziwayo lezinto ze-NLP eziqoshwe kumafilimu e-PMN-PT (ηr = 19%) ebangeni lokushisa elingu-10 K kanye no-300 kV cm-1 (Ref. 18). Amazinga okushisa angaphansi kuka-10 K awazange acatshangelwe ngoba i-hysteresis yokushisa ye-PST MLC iphakathi kuka-5 no-8 K. Ukuqashelwa komphumela omuhle wokushintsha kwesigaba ekusebenzeni kahle kubalulekile. Eqinisweni, amanani afanele kakhulu e-η kanye ne-ηr cishe wonke atholakala ekushiseni kokuqala kwe-Ti = 25°C ku-Figs. 3a,b. Lokhu kungenxa yokuguquka kwesigaba esiseduze lapho kungekho nsimu esetshenziswayo futhi i-TC yokushisa ye-Curie icishe ibe ngu-20 °C kulawa ma-MLC (Inothi Elingeziwe 13).
a,b, ukusebenza kahle η kanye nokusebenza kahle okulingana komjikelezo we-Olson (a)\({\eta }_{{\rm{r}}}=\eta /{\eta}_{{\rm{Carnot}} kogesi ophezulu ngensimu engu-195 kV cm-1 kanye namazinga okushisa okuqala ahlukene Ti, }}\,\(b) we-MPC PST 0.5 mm ubukhulu, kuye ngokuthi isikhathi sokushisa singakanani ΔTspan.
Lokhu okubonwayo kokugcina kunemiphumela emibili ebalulekile: (1) noma yikuphi ukujikeleza okuphumelelayo kumele kuqale emazingeni okushisa angaphezu kwe-TC ukuze kwenzeke ushintsho lwesigaba olubangelwa yinsimu (kusuka ku-paraelectric kuya ku-ferroelectric); (2) lezi zinto zisebenza kahle kakhulu ngezikhathi zokugijima eziseduze ne-TC. Nakuba ukusebenza kahle okukhulu kuboniswa ekuhlolweni kwethu, ububanzi bokushisa obulinganiselwe abusivumeli ukuthi sifinyelele ukusebenza kahle okukhulu ngenxa yomkhawulo we-Carnot (\(\Delta T/T\)). Kodwa-ke, ukusebenza kahle okuhle okuboniswe yilawa ma-PST MLC kuqinisekisa u-Olsen lapho ekhuluma ngokuthi "imoto ye-thermoelectric evuselelayo yekilasi lama-20 esebenza emazingeni okushisa aphakathi kuka-50 °C no-250 °C ingaba nokusebenza kahle okungu-30%"17. Ukuze kufinyelelwe la manani futhi kuhlolwe umqondo, kungaba wusizo ukusebenzisa ama-PST afakwe ama-doped anama-TC ahlukene, njengoba kufundwe nguShebanov noBorman. Babonise ukuthi i-TC ku-PST ingahluka kusuka ku-3°C (Sb doping) kuya ku-33°C (Ti doping) 22. Ngakho-ke, sicabanga ukuthi isizukulwane esilandelayo sama-pyroelectric regenerators asekelwe kuma-PST MLC ahlanganisiwe noma ezinye izinto ezinenguquko eqinile yesigaba sokuqala se-oda zingancintisana nama-power harvester angcono kakhulu.
Kulesi sifundo, sihlole ama-MLC enziwe nge-PST. Lawa madivayisi aqukethe uchungechunge lwama-electrode e-Pt kanye ne-PST, lapho ama-capacitor amaningana exhunywe khona ngokuhambisana. I-PST ikhethwe ngoba iyinto enhle kakhulu ye-EC ngakho-ke ingaba yinto enhle kakhulu ye-NLP. Ibonisa ushintsho olubukhali lwesigaba se-ferroelectric-paraelectric esiseduze no-20 °C, okubonisa ukuthi izinguquko zayo ze-entropy zifana nalezo eziboniswe ku-Fig. 1. Ama-MLC afanayo achazwe ngokugcwele kumadivayisi e-EC13,14. Kulesi sifundo, sisebenzise ama-MLC angu-10.4 × 7.2 × 1 mm³ kanye no-10.4 × 7.2 × 0.5 mm³. Ama-MLC anobukhulu obungu-1 mm kanye no-0.5 mm enziwe ngezendlalelo ezingu-19 kanye nezingu-9 ze-PST enobukhulu obungu-38.6 µm, ngokulandelana. Kuzo zombili izimo, ungqimba lwangaphakathi lwe-PST lubekwe phakathi kwama-electrode e-platinum anobukhulu obungu-2.05 µm. Ukwakheka kwala ma-MLC kucabanga ukuthi ama-55% ama-PST ayasebenza, ahambisana nengxenye ephakathi kwama-electrode (Inothi Elingeziwe 1). Indawo ye-electrode esebenzayo yayingu-48.7 mm2 (Ithebula Elingeziwe 5). I-MLC PST yalungiswa ngendlela yokusabela kwesigaba esiqinile kanye nendlela yokukhipha. Imininingwane yenqubo yokulungiselela ichazwe esihlokweni esedlule14. Omunye umehluko phakathi kwe-PST MLC nesihloko esedlule ukuhleleka kwama-B-sites, okuthinta kakhulu ukusebenza kwe-EC ku-PST. Ukuhleleka kwama-B-sites e-PST MLC kungu-0.75 (Inothi Elingeziwe 2) okutholwe ngokusinta ku-1400°C kulandelwe ukuncibilikisa amahora amaningi ku-1000°C. Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe nge-PST MLC, bheka Amanothi Angeziwe 1-3 kanye neThebula Elingeziwe 5.
Umqondo oyinhloko walolu cwaningo usekelwe kumjikelezo we-Olson (Isithombe 1). Kulowo mjikelezo, sidinga idamu elishisayo nelibandayo kanye nogesi okwazi ukuqapha nokulawula i-voltage kanye nogesi kumamojula ahlukahlukene e-MLC. Le mijikelezo eqondile isebenzise ukucushwa okubili okuhlukene, okungukuthi (1) amamojula e-Linkam afudumeza futhi apholisa i-MLC eyodwa exhunywe kumthombo wamandla we-Keithley 2410, kanye (2) ama-prototype amathathu (i-HARV1, i-HARV2 kanye ne-HARV3) ahambisana namandla omthombo ofanayo. Esimweni sokugcina, uketshezi lwe-dielectric (uwoyela we-silicone one-viscosity engu-5 cP ku-25°C, othengwe ku-Sigma Aldrich) wasetshenziselwa ukushintshanisa ukushisa phakathi kwamachibi amabili (ashisayo nabandayo) kanye ne-MLC. Idamu elishisayo liqukethe isitsha seglasi esigcwele uketshezi lwe-dielectric futhi sibekwe phezu kwepuleti elishisayo. Indawo yokugcina ebandayo iqukethe ukugeza kwamanzi okunamapayipi amanzi aqukethe uketshezi lwe-dielectric esitsheni esikhulu sepulasitiki esigcwele amanzi neqhwa. Amavalvu amabili okuncinza anezindlela ezintathu (athengwe ku-Bio-Chem Fluidics) abekwe ekugcineni ngakunye kwenhlanganisela ukuze kushintshwe kahle uketshezi kusuka kwelinye idamu kuya kwelinye (Isithombe 2a). Ukuqinisekisa ukulingana kokushisa phakathi kwephakheji ye-PST-MLC kanye ne-coolant, isikhathi somjikelezo sandiswa kuze kube yilapho ama-thermocouple okungena kanye nawokuphuma (asondele ngangokunokwenzeka kwiphakheji ye-PST-MLC) ekhombisa izinga lokushisa elifanayo. Iskripthi se-Python siphatha futhi sivumelanisa zonke izinsimbi (amamitha omthombo, amaphampu, amavalvu, kanye nama-thermocouple) ukuze kuqhutshwe umjikelezo ofanele we-Olson, okungukuthi iluphu ye-coolant iqala ukujikeleza nge-PST stack ngemuva kokuba imitha yomthombo ishajwe ukuze ishise nge-voltage efunekayo esetshenzisiwe yomjikelezo we-Olson onikeziwe.
Ngaphandle kwalokho, siqinisekisile lezi zilinganiso eziqondile zamandla aqoqiwe ngezindlela ezingaqondile. Lezi zindlela ezingaqondile zisekelwe ekushintsheni kukagesi (D) – izihibe zensimu kagesi (E) eziqoqwe emazingeni okushisa ahlukene, futhi ngokubala indawo ephakathi kwezihibe ezimbili ze-DE, umuntu angalinganisa ngokunembile ukuthi angakanani amandla angaqoqwa, njengoba kuboniswe esithombeni. kumfanekiso 2. .1b. Lezi zihibe ze-DE nazo ziqoqwa kusetshenziswa amamitha omthombo kaKeithley.
Ama-PST MLC angamashumi amabili nesishiyagalombili anobukhulu obungu-1 mm ahlanganiswe ngesakhiwo sepuleti elihambisanayo elinemigqa emi-4, elinamakholomu angu-7 ngokusho komklamo ochazwe ku-reference. 14. Igebe loketshezi phakathi kwemigqa ye-PST-MLC lingu-0.75mm. Lokhu kufezwa ngokungeza imichilo yeteyipu enezinhlangothi ezimbili njengezikhala zoketshezi ezizungeze imiphetho ye-PST MLC. I-PST MLC ixhunywe ngogesi ngokuhambisana nebhuloho le-epoxy lesiliva elithintana nama-electrode leads. Ngemva kwalokho, izintambo zanamatheliswa nge-epoxy resin yesiliva ohlangothini ngalunye lweziphetho ze-electrode ukuze kuxhunywe kugesi. Ekugcineni, faka isakhiwo sonke kupayipi le-polyolefin. Lesi sakamuva sinamatheliswa kupayipi loketshezi ukuqinisekisa ukuvalwa okufanele. Ekugcineni, ama-thermocouple e-K-type thick angu-0.25 mm akhiwe kuwo wonke umkhawulo wesakhiwo se-PST-MLC ukuze kuqashwe amazinga okushisa oketshezi olungenayo noluphumayo. Ukuze wenze lokhu, ipayipi kumele liqale libhobozwe. Ngemva kokufaka i-thermocouple, faka ingcina efanayo naleyo yangaphambilini phakathi kwepayipi le-thermocouple nentambo ukuze ubuyisele uphawu.
Kwakhiwa ama-prototypes ahlukene ayisishiyagalombili, amane awo ayenama-MLC PST angu-40 0.5 mm ubukhulu asakazwe njengamapuleti ahambisanayo anamakholomu ama-5 nemigqa engu-8, kanti amane asele ayenama-MLC PST angu-15 1 mm ubukhulu ngalinye. ngesakhiwo sepuleti elihambisanayo elinamakholomu ama-3 × 5-row. Inani eliphelele lama-PST MLC asetshenzisiwe lalingu-220 (160 0.5 mm ubukhulu kanye no-60 PST MLC 1 mm ubukhulu). Sibiza lawa ma-subunit amabili ngokuthi i-HARV2_160 kanye ne-HARV2_60. Igebe loketshezi ku-prototype HARV2_160 liqukethe amateyipu amabili anezinhlangothi ezimbili 0.25 mm ubukhulu kanye nentambo 0.25 mm ubukhulu phakathi kwawo. Ku-prototype HARV2_60, siphinde inqubo efanayo, kodwa sisebenzisa intambo 0.38 mm ubukhulu. Ukuze kulinganiswe, i-HARV2_160 kanye ne-HARV2_60 zinezisekethe zazo zoketshezi, amaphampu, amavalvu kanye nohlangothi olubandayo (Inothi Elingeziwe 8). Amayunithi amabili e-HARV2 abelana ngethangi lokushisa, isitsha esingamalitha ama-3 (30 cm x 20 cm x 5 cm) kuma-hot plate amabili anama-magnet ajikelezayo. Wonke ama-prototype ayisishiyagalombili ahlukene axhunywe ngogesi ngesikhathi esifanayo. Ama-subunit e-HARV2_160 kanye ne-HARV2_60 asebenza ngesikhathi esisodwa emjikelezweni we-Olson okuholela ekuvunweni kwamandla angu-11.2 J.
Faka i-PST MLC engu-0.5mm ubukhulu epayipini le-polyolefin nge-tape enezinhlangothi ezimbili kanye nocingo ezinhlangothini zombili ukuze udale isikhala sokugeleza koketshezi. Ngenxa yobukhulu bayo obuncane, i-prototype yabekwa eduze kwevalvu yokugcina amanzi eshisayo noma ebandayo, okunciphisa izikhathi zomjikelezo.
Ku-PST MLC, insimu kagesi engaguquki isetshenziswa ngokusebenzisa i-voltage engaguquki egatsheni lokushisa. Ngenxa yalokho, kukhiqizwa ugesi oshisayo ongemuhle bese kugcinwa amandla. Ngemva kokushisa i-PST MLC, insimu iyasuswa (V = 0), bese amandla agcinwe kuyo abuyiselwa emuva kukhawunta yomthombo, okuhambisana nomunye umnikelo wamandla aqoqiwe. Ekugcineni, uma kusetshenziswa i-voltage V = 0, ama-MLC PST apholiswa ekushiseni kwawo kokuqala ukuze umjikelezo uqale futhi. Kulesi sigaba, amandla awaqoqwa. Siqhube umjikelezo we-Olsen sisebenzisa i-Keithley 2410 SourceMeter, sishaja i-PST MLC kusuka emthonjeni we-voltage futhi sibeka ukufana kwamanje enanini elifanele ukuze kuqoqwe amaphuzu anele ngesikhathi sesigaba sokushaja ukuze kubalwe amandla athembekile.
Kuma-Stirling cycles, ama-PST MLC ashajwa ngemodi yomthombo we-voltage ngenani lokuqala lensimu kagesi (i-voltage yokuqala engu-Vi > 0), ugesi wokuhambisana ofiselekayo ukuze isinyathelo sokushaja sithathe cishe imizuzwana eyi-1 (futhi kuqoqwe amaphuzu anele ukuze kubalwe amandla ngendlela ethembekile) kanye nokushisa okubandayo. Kuma-Stirling cycles, ama-PST MLC ashajwa ngemodi yomthombo we-voltage ngenani lokuqala lensimu kagesi (i-voltage yokuqala engu-Vi > 0), ugesi wokuhambisana ofiselekayo ukuze isinyathelo sokushaja sithathe cishe imizuzwana eyi-1 (futhi kuqoqwe amaphuzu anele ukuze kubalwe amandla ngendlela ethembekile) kanye nokushisa okubandayo. В циклах Стирлинга PST MLC заряжались в режиме источника напряжения при начальном значении электрического поля (начальное напряжения при начальном значении электрического поля (начальное напряжения ) токе, так что этап зарядки занимает около 1 с (и набирается достаточное количество точек для надежного растета энергия) и холодная тем. Kumijikelezo ye-Stirling PST MLC, zazishajwa kwimodi yomthombo we-voltage ngenani lokuqala lensimu kagesi (i-voltage yokuqala engu-Vi > 0), i-current yield current efiselekayo, ukuze isigaba sokushaja sithathe cishe imizuzwana eyi-1 (futhi inani elanele lamaphuzu liqoqwe ukuze kubalwe amandla athembekile) kanye nokushisa okubandayo.在斯特林循环中，PST MLC 在电压源模式下以初始电场值（初始电压Vi > 0) Kumjikelezo oyinhloko, i-PST MLC ishajwa ngenani lokuqala lensimu kagesi (i-voltage yokuqala i-Vi > 0) kwimodi yomthombo we-voltage, ukuze umugqa wokuhambisana odingekayo uthathe cishe umzuzwana owodwa ngesinyathelo sokushaja (futhi siqoqe amaphuzu anele ukubala ngokuthembekile (amandla) kanye nokushisa okuphansi. В цикле Стирлинга PST MLC заряжается в режиме источника напряжения с начальным значением электрического поля (начальное напряжения начальным значением электрического поля (начальное напряжения) податливости таков, что этап зарядки занимает около 1 с (и набирается достаточное количество точек, чтобы надежно рассчитать энергетет) и набирается достаточное количество точек, чтобы надежно рассчитать энергететы) Emjikelezweni we-Stirling, i-PST MLC ishajwa kwimodi yomthombo we-voltage enenani lokuqala lensimu kagesi (i-voltage yokuqala i-Vi > 0), umugqa wamanje wokuhambisana odingekayo uwukuthi isigaba sokushaja sithatha cishe imizuzwana eyi-1 (futhi inani elanele lamaphuzu liqoqwa ukuze kubalwe amandla ngokuthembekile) kanye namazinga okushisa aphansi.Ngaphambi kokuba i-PST MLC ishise, vula isekethe ngokusebenzisa ugesi ohambisanayo ongu-I = 0 mA (ugesi ohambisanayo omncane umthombo wethu wokulinganisa ongawuphatha ngu-10 nA). Ngenxa yalokho, ishaja ihlala ku-PST ye-MJK, futhi i-voltage iyanda njengoba isampula ishisha. Akukho mandla aqoqwa engalweni BC ngoba u-I = 0 mA. Ngemva kokufinyelela izinga lokushisa eliphezulu, i-voltage ku-MLT FT iyanda (kwezinye izimo izikhathi ezingaphezu kuka-30, bheka umfanekiso owengeziwe 7.2), i-MLK FT iyakhishwa (V = 0), futhi amandla kagesi agcinwa kuwo ngendlela efanayo njengoba eyi-charge yokuqala. Ukuxhumana okufanayo kwamanje kubuyiselwa emthonjeni wemitha. Ngenxa yokwanda kwe-voltage, amandla agciniwe ekushiseni okuphezulu aphezulu kunalokho okwanikezwa ekuqaleni komjikelezo. Ngenxa yalokho, amandla atholakala ngokuguqula ukushisa kube ugesi.
Sisebenzise i-Keithley 2410 SourceMeter ukuqapha i-voltage kanye nomsinga osetshenziswa ku-PST MLC. Amandla ahambisanayo abalwa ngokuhlanganisa umkhiqizo we-voltage kanye nomsinga ofundwa yimitha yomthombo kaKeithley, \ (E = {\int }_{0}^{\tau }{I}_({\rm {meas))}\left(t\ right){V}_{{\rm{meas}}}(t)\), lapho u-τ kuyinkathi yesikhathi. Emkhathini wethu wamandla, amanani wamandla amahle asho amandla esinawo okufanele siwanike i-MLC PST, kanti amanani angalungile asho amandla esiwakhipha kuwo ngakho-ke amandla atholiwe. Amandla ahlobene omjikelezo wokuqoqa othile anqunywa ngokuhlukanisa amandla aqoqiwe ngenkathi u-τ womjikelezo wonke.
Yonke idatha inikezwa embhalweni oyinhloko noma ngolwazi olwengeziwe. Izincwadi nezicelo zezinto kufanele ziqondiswe emthonjeni wedatha ye-AT noma ye-ED enikezwe nalesi sihloko.
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UMnyango Wezocwaningo Nobuchwepheshe Bezinto Ezisetshenziswayo, iLuxembourg Institute of Technology (LIST), eBelvoir, eLuxembourg